美国文学课考试复习资料

1.AnartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual’sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions2.FeaturesofAmericanRomanticismThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.AmericanRomanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize,toedifyratherthanentertain.AmericanRomanticismproducedanentirelynewexperiencealientoEuropeanculture.Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.3.TheAmericanRenaissanceorNewEnglandRenaissanceisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,fromthe1830sroughlyuntiltheendoftheAmericanCivilWar.4.ComicfablesofWashingtonIrving;GothictalesofEdgarAllenPoe;ThefrontieradventuresofJamesFennimoreCooper;ThePsychologicalromancesofNathanialHawthorneandHermanMelville5.WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWadsworthLongfellowareFiresidePoetsorSchoolroomPoets.WashingtonIrvingistheFatherofAmericanliterature.JamesFennimoreCooperistheFatheroftheAmericannovel.EdgarAllanPoeistheFatherofmodernshortstory.RalphWaldoEmersonistheFatherofAmericanTranscendentalism.HenryDavidThoreauisafamouspracticaltranscendentalist.EmilyDickinsonandWaltWhitmanarebridgepoetsbetweenAmericanRomanticismandthe20thcentury.6.WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文FatherofAmericanliteraturethefirstprofessionalAmericanwriterthefirstAmericanRomanticwriterthefirstAmericanshortstorywriterthefirstnativeAmericanauthortowinworldwidefameTheSketchBook(见闻札记）•acollectionofessays,sketches,andtales.•TheshortstoryasagenreinAmericanliteratureprobablybeganwithIrving’sTheSketchBook,“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”睡谷传奇“RipVanWinkle”瑞普·凡·温克尔7.(1789—1851)JamesFennimoreCooperFatherofAmericanNovelThefirstimportantAmericannovelistThePioneerofAmericanespionagestory:TheSpy间谍seaadventuretale:ThePilot领航员Frontieradventures:TheLeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集8.TheLeatherstockingTales皮裹腿故事集ThePioneers拓荒者TheLastoftheMohicans最后的莫希干人ThePrairie草原ThePathfinder探路者TheDeerslayer杀鹿人9.EdgarAllanPoeGenius:amagazineeditor,apoet,ashortstorywriter,acritic,andalecturer.FatherofmodernshortstoryFatherofdetectivestoryFatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism•HeintroducedtheBritishGothicstory,sciencefiction,andliterarycriticismtoAmericanliterature.•Heintroducedanewkindofshortstory--detectivestory.•Hewasthefirsttodeveloptheshortstoryasadistinctiveartform.•Heelaboratedcriteriabywhichitcanbejudged.10.HisShortStories•“TheFalloftheHouseofUsher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》•“TheCaskofAmontillado”《一桶白葡萄酒》“MurdersintheRueMorgue”《莫格街谋杀案HisPoems①“TheRaven”乌鸦②“AnnabelLee”安娜贝尔•丽11.Characters:Montresor&FortunatoMontresor:(outwit)aderangedmanwhoseeksrevengeFortunato:(aluckyorfortunateperson)ahaughtywineconnoisseuragainstwhomMontresorseeksrevengeSettinginvolvesplace,time,andcircumstances.ThestoryisnarratedbyMontresor,whocarriesagrudgeagainstFortunatoforanoffensethatisneverexplained.12.WritingdevicesForeshadowing(cask/casketnamestrowelarmsandmotto)Irony(VerbalironyDramaticironySituationalironySymbolism(Thefoot:MontresorTheserpent:Fortunato.13.theme“TheCaskofAmontilladoisapowerfultaleofrevenge.14.transcendentalismMovement:thesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Leaders:•RalphWaldoEmerson:fatherofAmericanTranscendentalism•HenryDavidThoreau:famouspracticaltranscendentalistManifesto:•Nature(byRalphWaldoEmerson)•theBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalismClub:TranscendentalistClubJournal:TheDial15.BasicideasSpirit/Over-soulisthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.TranscendentalismwasbasedonafundamentalbeliefintheunityoftheworldandGod.TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceofindividualismNatureisthesymbolofspirit/thegarmentoftheOversoul16.RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生PoetEssayistPopularlecturerFatherofAmericanTranscendentalismmajorworks:Nature自然(1836)：“themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism”and“theBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.”TheAmericanScholar美国学者(1837)：America'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceSelf-Reliance论自助:theimportanceofcultivatingoneself17.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Schoolteacher,essayist,poetaleaderofTranscendentalismMostfamousforhisWaldenandCivilDisobedienceInfluencedenvironmentalmovementSupporterofabolitionism18.InfluencesofTranscendentalism①Itservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.②Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatlyneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomy.③IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.19.TheFiresidePoets炉边诗人HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃茲沃思·朗费罗ThemostpopularAmericanpoetofthe19thcenturytranslateDante’sDivineComedythefirstAmericanpoettogainafavorableinternationalreputationtheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbeyVoicesoftheNight(1839)《夜吟集》--catchtheattentionEvangeline(1847)《伊凡吉林》--narrativepoemontheAcadiansReasonsforhispopularityA.Hehadthegiftofeasyrhyme.Hewrotepoetryasabirdsings,withnaturalgraceandmelody.B.Hewroteonobviousthemesandinplainlanguagewhichappealtoallkindsofpeople.C.Thereisajoyou