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徐州工程学院教案《翻译理论与实践》第一章1电子教案内容索引第一章Whatistranslation?1.1Linguisticviewsontranslation1.2Culturalviewsontranslation1.3Literaryviewsontranslation1.4Semanticviewsontranslation1.5Functionalviewsontranslation1.6Communicativeviewsontranslation2.Importantroleoftranslation2.1Asameansofcommunication,translationplaysanimportantroleinhumancivilization.2.2Ifaforeignlanguageisgenerallyacceptedasatooloflife,translationthenobviouslyservesasadynamicmeansofemployingthistool.Aproperanddexterous巧妙translationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeoplesofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whereasamisunderstandingorimproperrenderingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusion.Examples:transliteration字译或音译menu---菜单（计算机---选项、项目单）Renaissance---文艺复兴芳芳----（toothofthedogorsnake）五讲四美、三热爱----fivestresses,fourbeautiesandthreeloves抓紧施肥----graspmanure[məˈnʊə,-ˈnjʊə]街道妇女----streetwomen白酒----whitewine3.Nature,ScopeandProcessofTranslation3.1BriefIntroductionofTranslation（课本Page1）3.2ProcessofCommunication徐州工程学院教案《翻译理论与实践》第一章2（1）IntralingualCommunication（语内交流）（2）InterlingualCommunication（语际交流）A.理解阶段的历时性B.理解阶段的共时性翻译的过程----阅读、理解、表达、检验（课本Page12-13）4.TheDevelopment,PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslationTheory4.1TheFourDevelopingPhasesOfTranslationTheoryinChina肇始阶段（佛经序翻译理论）：古典阶段（正名论翻译理论）：玄思阶段（哲学化翻译理论）：直觉阶段（文艺学翻译理论）：4.2TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbyFamousTranslatorsorTranslationTheorists4.2.1TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbySomeChineseTranslators课本page3-44.2.2TranslationCriteriaPutForwardbyWesternTranslatorsorTheorists(1)AlexanderFraserTytler：ThreePrinciplesofTranslation(2)PeterNewmark:CommunicativeandSemanticTranslation(3)EugeneA．Nida：FunctionalEquivalence4.3OtherFactorsAffectingtheEvaluationofTranslation5.TheRequirementsforQualifiedTranslators5.1ExcellentCommandoftheTwoLanguages5.2ConsiderableKnowledgeoftheTwoCultures5.3AdequateKnowledgeoftheSubjectMatter5.4FairCapacityforWriting5.5PlentyofPracticeandAdequateKnowledgeofTranslationTheoriesandSkills5.6SkillsintheUseofInformationTechnology6.Translationstrategies6.1LiteralTranslation（直译：可以改变某一级别上的结构，例如增词徐州工程学院教案《翻译理论与实践》第一章3或减词）andFreeTranslation（意译：不限级翻译）Word-for-word逐词翻译（限级翻译）FreeTranslation----LiteralTranslation---Word-for-word6.2ForeignizingTranslationandDomesticatingTranslation6.3翻译的局限性6.4不合格的翻译Chapter1GeneralIntroduction（8periods）TheFirstThreePeriodsTeachingObjectives:1.Haveagoodunderstandingofdifferentviewsontranslation(45minutes).2.Beawareoftheimportantroletranslationplaysthroughthestudyofsomecases(35minutes).3.Befullyawareofthenature,scopeandtwoimportantprocessesoftranslation.(55minutes)I.WhatisTranslation?(45minutes)Translationcanberoughlydefinedasareproductionorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Beingaverycomplicatedhumanactivity,itswholepictureisnevereasytodescribe.Scholarswithdifferentacademicbackgroundshaveattemptedtodefineitfromvariousperspectives.1.1LinguisticViewsonTranslation(7minutes)Translationtheoristsfromthelinguisticschoolconceiveoftranslationasalinguisticactivityandsomebelievethattranslationtheory徐州工程学院教案《翻译理论与实践》第一章4isabranchoflinguistics,approaching着手处理theissuesoftranslatingprimarilyfromtheviewpointofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweensourceandtargettexts.*Translationmaybedefinedasthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(thesourcelanguage)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(thetargetlanguage)(Catford1965:20).*Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptor受体languagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle(Nida&Taber1969:12).*Translationtheoryderivesfromcomparativelinguistics,andwithinlinguistics,itismainlyanaspectofsemantics语义学;allquestionsofsemanticsrelatetotranslationtheory(Newmark1982/1988:5).1.2CulturalViewsonTranslation(8minutes)Intheculturalapproach方法，方式；手段；步骤；态度,translationisregardednotonlyasatransferoflinguisticsigns,butalsoasacommunicationofcultures,i.e.translationisaninterculturalcommunication;hencethetermsofinterculturalcooperation,acculturation文化互渗,andtransculturation跨文化，交叉文化，涉及多种文化.*Translationisaprocesswhichoccursbetweenculturesratherthansimplybetweenlanguages(Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:35).*Atranslatorwhousesaculturalapproachissimplyrecognizingthateachlanguagecontainselementswhicharederivedfromitsculture(suchasgreetings,fixedexpressionsandREALIA实际存在),thateverytextisanchored深嵌于inaspecificculture,andthatconventionsoftextproductionandreceptionvaryfromculturetoculture(Shuttleworth&Cowie1997:35).*Fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalism两种文化isevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism两种语言,sincewordsonlyhavemeaningsintermsoftheculturesinwhichtheyfunction(Nida2001:82).*翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此，还要不断地把徐州工程学院教案《翻译理论与实践》第一章5两种文化加以比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等等都是相当的。翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们会说：他必须掌握两种语言；确实如此，但是不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言(王佐良1989)。1.3LiteraryViewsonTranslation(8minutes)文学观点Translatorswhoholdthisviewbelievethattranslationisanartisticrecreationorarecreatedart.SomemodernWesternscholarsfromtheliteraryschooltakeliterarytranslationtobethemanipulation操作处理orrewritingoft