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12000年1月TOEFL试题SectionThree:ReadingComprehensionQuestions1-10AsPhiladelphiagrewfromasmalltownintoacityinthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,itbecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.Marketdayssawthecrowdedcityevenmorecrowded,asfannersfromwithinaradiusof24ormorekilometersbroughttheirsheep,cows,pigs,vegetables,cider,andotherproductsfordirectsaletothetownspeople.TheHighStreetMarketwascontinuouslyenlargedthroughouttheperioduntil1736,whenitreachedfromFrontStreettoThird.By1745NewMarketwasopenedonSecondStreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Thefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.LinensandstockingsfromGermantown,forexample,werepopularitems.Auctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.Becauseofthecompetition,retailmerchantsopposedtheseaswellasthefairs.Althoughgovernmentalattemptstoeradicatefairsandauctionswerelessthansuccessful,theordinarycourseofeconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side,asincreasingbusinessspecializationbecametheorderoftheday.Exportmerchantsbecamedifferentiatedfromtheirimportingcounterparts,andspecialtyshopsbegantoappearinadditiontogeneralstoressellingavarietyofgoods.OneofthereasonsPhiladelphia'smerchantsgenerallyprosperedwasbecausethesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.Theydidtheirbusiness,afterall,inthecapitalcityoftheprovince.Notonlydidtheycatertothegovernorandhiscircle,butcitizensfromalloverthecolonycametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncilandthemeetingsofthecourtsofjustice.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Philadelphia'sagricultureimportance(B)Philadelphia'sdevelopmentasamarketingcenter(C)ThesaleofimportedgoodsinPhiladelphia(D)TheadministrationofthecityofPhiladelphia2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatnewmarketsopenedinPhiladelphiabecause(A)theyprovidedmoremodemfacilitiesthanoldermarkets(B)theHighStreetMarketwasforcedtoclose(C)existingmarketswereunabletoservethegrowingpopulation(D)farmerswantedmarketsthatwereclosertothefarms.3.Thewordhinterlandinline3isclosestinmeaningto(A)tradition(B)association(C)produce(D)region4.Theworditinline6refersto2(A)thecrowdedcity(B)aradius(C)theHighStreetMarket(D)theperiod5.Thewordpersistedinline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)returned(B)started(C)declined(D)continued6.Accordingtothepassage,fairsinPhiladelphiawereheld(A)onthesamedayasmarketsays(B)asoftenaspossible(C)acoupleoftimesayear(D)wheneverthegovernmentallowedit7.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthormentionsLinensandstockingsinline12toshowthattheywereitemsthat(A)retailmerchantswerenotwillingtosell(B)werenotavailableinthestoresinPhiladelphia(C)weremorepopularinGermantownmaninPhiladelphia(D)couldeasilybetransported8.Theworderadicateinline16isclosestinmeaningto(A)eliminate(B)exploit(C)organize(D)operate9.Whatdoestheauthormeanbystatinginline17thateconomicdevelopmentwasonthemerchants'side?(A)Merchantshadastrongimpactoneconomicexpansion.(B)Economicforcesallowedmerchantstoprosper.(C)Merchantshadtoworktogethertoachieveeconomicindependence(D)Specialtyshopsnearlargemarketsweremorelikelytobeeconomicallysuccessful.10.Thewordundergoinginline22isclosestinmeaningto(A)requesting(B)experiencing(C)repeating(D)includingQuestions11-22Avicolturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.Theycontinuetolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvivalrates.Whenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthenestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebird'sskintothetopportionoftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature.Thistemperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.NestconstructioncancontributetothistemperaturegradientNestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirtarecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottomsectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthewaterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandisheatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubationenvironmentInartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromthenestsofparrotsand3incubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheattheeggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebird'smethodofnaturalincubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoorstouseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldaftereggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialtoactasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewoodenbottominextremelycoldweatherconditions,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,thesebox