考研英语核心词汇速成胜经Unit39一、真题文章(1996年Text4)WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica---breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,spatialthinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthepremiumsystem,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.Thisnonverbalspatialthinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.二、译文在早期美国,像电报、汽船和织布机这样的重大发明纷纷涌现,这是什么原因呢?在众多的因素中,我特意指出以下几个:美国优秀的小学教育;欢迎新技术的工人阶级;为发明人提供奖金的政策;其中最重要的是,美国人的那种非文字的,“空间的”思维方式。为什么要提小学教育?由于这些学校的存在,我们的技工们基本上都识文断字、熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识,这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为普遍。敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的高度适应性和创造性与这种教育上的优势联系起来。1853年访问过美国的一位英国人说:“经过学校严密的训练,美国的男孩子很快就能成长为熟练的工人。”推动发明的进一步刺激来自“奖励”制度,它产生于我们的专利制度之前,且多年来与后者一起存在。这种做法来自国外,为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。在美国的全国博览会和各大城市举办的工业博览会上,大量的奖金被颁发给新发明的设备,美国人蜂拥而至去欣赏这些新的发明,这也更坚定了他们对科技进步带来的益处的信心。有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度,美国工人很容易便适应了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金.福格森曾指出:“技术人员所考虑的东西是难以用语言加以确切描述的;这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉的、非语言的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”这种非文字性的“空间思维”方式和绘画、写作一样富有创造性。罗伯特.法欧曾写到:“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子中间,如同一位诗人处在字母表中的字母一样,应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达,每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”当所有这些因素——教育,开放的态度,奖金制度,空间思考的才能——在美国富饶的土地上相互作用时,就产生了美国特有的性格:效仿。今天,这个词只意味着模仿,但是在早些时候,它意味着友好但充满竞争的努力去争取名誉和成功。三、考研核心词汇outburst/5autbE:st/n.(火山、感情等)爆发、喷出,突发,破裂[例]anoutburstofindignation.勃然大怒[同义]discharge,ejection,eruption,outbreak,torrentinvention/in5venFEn/n.发明,创造[例]His6,000inventionsincludedtheelectriclightbulb,thephonograph,andthemimeographmachine.他作出了六千项发明,包括电灯泡,留声机(唱机)和油印机。[派生]invent/in5vent/vt.发明,创造v.发明inventer/In`ventE(r)/n.发明者,发明家breakthrough/5breik5Wru:/n.突破[例]Surgeonshavemadeagreatbreakthroughinthekidneytransplantation.外科医生们在肾移植方面取得了重大突破。telegraph/5teli^rB:f/n.电报机,电报v.打电报,发电报,打电报说暴露事先或无意识地使知道(例如预期的行动):[例]Bymassingtroopsontheborder,theenemytelegrapheditsintendedinvasiontothetargetcountry.敌人在边界集结军队,暴露出其企图侵犯目标国steamboat/5sti:mbEJt/n.汽船,轮船[例]steamboat’sexperts汽船专家premium/5primjEm/n.1额外费用2奖金,奖赏3保险费,(货币兑现的)贴水[例]Hepaidpremiumsonhislifeinsurancelastyear.他去年付了人寿保险费。[反义]discount/5diskaunt/n.折扣nonverbal/5nCn5vE:bEl/adj.1不用动词的2不用语言的[例]Gesturesareanonverbalmeansofexpression.打手势是一种非言语的表达方式。spatial/5speiFEl/adj.空间的[例]spatialextent空间延长[派生]spatiality/7speFi5Aliti/n.空间性mention/5menFEn/vt.提及,说起n.提及,说起v.论及,提及[例]Becausethetreewasmentionedinanewspaper,thenumberofvisitorstoFrinleyhasnowincreased.因为这棵树在一家报纸报道过,所以,参观弗林利的人数现在增多了。[同义]comment,designate,name,note,remarkmechanics/mi5kAniks/n.(用作单数)机械学、力学,(用作复数)技巧,结构[例]Themechanicsoffootballarelearnedwithpractice.足球技艺是通过练习而学会的[派生]mechanical/mi5kAnikl/adj.机械的,机械制的,机械似的,呆板的mechanic/mi5kAnik/n.技工,机修工,机械士literate/5litErit/n.学者adj.有文化的,有阅读和写作能力的[例]Therearemoreliteratepeoplenowthanbefore.现在有阅读能力的人要比以前多。[同义]cultured,educated,learned,scholarly[反义]illiterate/i5litErit/n.文盲adj.不识字的,没受教育的arithmetic/E5riWmEtik/n.算术,算法[例]ThisapplethelpsschoolgoingchildrenlearnandpracticebasicarithmeticoperationslikeAddition,Subtraction.这个程序帮助在校的孩子们学习和练习基本的算术,例如加减运算。geometry/dVi5Cmitri/n.几何学[例]solidgeometry固体几何学trigonometry/tri^E5nCmitri/n.三角法[例]analytictrigonometry分析三角学acute/E5kju:t/adj.敏锐的,[医]急性的,剧烈[例]Shestillhasveryacutehearing,thoughsheiseightyyearsold.尽管她已经八十岁了,但她的听觉仍然很灵敏。[同义]astute,discerning,keen,quick,shrewd,smart[反义]dull