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第二十五套题PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text107.8WhenThomasButlersteppedoffaplaneinApril2002onhisreturntotheUnitedStatesfromatriptoTanzania,hesetinmotionachainofeventsthatnowthreatenstodestroyhislife.AmicrobiologistatTexasTechUniversityinLubbock,ButlerwasbringingbacksamplesoftheplaguebacteriumYersiniapestisforhisresearch.Yetonre-enteringthecountry,heisallegedtohavepassedrightbyUScustomsinspectorswithoutnotifyingthemthathewascarryingthispotentiallydeadlycargo.ThatmoveanditsconsequenceshaveledthefederalgovernmenttoprosecuteButlerforarangeofoffences.Ifconvictedonallcounts,hecouldbefinedmillionsofdollarsandspendtherestofhislifeinjail.TheUSscientificcommunityhasleapttobutler’sdefence,arguingthathisprosecutionisoverzealous,alarmingandunnecessary.ThepresidentsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesandtheInstituteofMedicinehavewrittentoAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroft,claimingthatthecasecouldendangerresearchintocounteringthethreatofbioterrorism.Andtheacademy’shuman-rightscommitteehasaskeditsmemberstowritelettersonButler’sbehalfandtodonatefundsforhisdefence.ThosewhodefendButlerarguethattherulesgoverningtheimportofpathogensaresorestrictivethatbendingthemistheonlyoptionforresearcherswhoareworkingtoprovideprotectionfromdeadlydiseasesthatafflictthedevelopingworld.Why,theyask,prosecuteButlerforinfractionsofrulesthatmadehisworkmoredifficultwithoutservingausefulpurpose?ThesupportersconsiderthatthechargelaidagainstButlermerelyreflectsthedeterminationoffederalprosecutorstothrowthebookatButlertomakeanexampleofhimtoothers.Manyresearchersnowfearfallingvictimtoanoverzealousprosecutioniftheyfailtodotallthe‘i’sandcrossallthe‘t’sontheirpaperwork.SomeUSmicrobiologistsaresofrightenedofbeinghauledoffinhandcuffsforaminoradministrativeoversightthattheyhavedecidedtoavoidbiodefenceresearchentirely—despitethecurrentfundingboominthefield.WhetherButlerisavillainorascapegoatisnowforajurytodecide.Butwhateververdictiseventuallyreached,scientistswhoarelobbyingonButler’sbehalfwoulddowelltoconsiderpublicperceptions.Iftherulesgoverningtheimportofpathogenicbacteriamakenosense,thenmicrobiologistsmustmakethatcaseclearly,andlobbyfortheregulationstobechanged.ResearchersarealsojustifiedinmakingstatementstohelpensurethatanypunishmentthatButlermightreceiveisproportionate.Butresearchersriskadamagingpublicprotestifthemainmessagethatemergesisthathispeersthinkhewasjustifiedincarryingsamplesoftheplaguebacteriumontoacommercialflight.Appearingtodenytheimportanceofrulesdesignedtoprotectthepublicfromdeadlypathogens—howeverunwieldythoserulesmaybeinpractice—willnotengendertrust.Itwillnotfosteracultureofresponsibility.Anditwouldshowdisregardforthepublic’sfaiththatscientificresearchwillbeconductedassafelyandascompetentlyaspossible.［525words］1.ThomasButlerwaschargedwith.［A］carryingprohibitedresearchmaterials［B］handlingapotentiallydeadlysubstanceillegally［C］posingthebioterrorismthreat［D］shippingplaguesamplesbacktoTanzania2.AccordingtoButler’sdefenders,theprosecutionofButlerwill.［A］discouragethebiologicalresearch［B］loosentheimportcontrolsofpathogens［C］punishonetowarnahundred［D］causenewpanicintheUnitedStates3.Theexpression“throwthebookat”(Line2,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans.［A］tomakesomeonefamousovernight［B］tofrightensomeoneverymuch［C］tomakesomeoneascapegoat［D］topunishorcriticizesomeoneseverely4.Theauthorbelievesthatscientistsshould.［A］advocatefortheabolitionofimportrules［B］speakindefenseofButler’sbehavior［C］givecarefulattentiontopublichealth［D］learnalessonfromButler’scase5.WhoislikelytobeleastcriticalofButler?［A］thefederalgovernment.［B］theUSscientificcommunity.［C］theAmericanpublic.［D］USCustomsService.Text207.8Companies’contingencyplanningusedtoconsistoflittlemorethanduplicatingITfacilitiesincasetheirsystemswentdownorthehardwareintheirbasementwasflooded.Today,however,firmsareawarethattheyneedtothinkaboutmanymorepotentialdisruptions.Hardlyaweekgoesbywithoutanewthreat.Lastweek,thegovernmentofNewZealandissuedapandemicplanningguideforbusinesses,suggestinghowfirmsshouldprepareforanoutbreakofavianflu.Gartner,alargeITresearchfirm,hasadvisedcompaniestoconsiderwhethertheirsystemscouldcontinueifupto30%oftheirstaffweretobeabsentfromtheworkplace.ThisweekyetanotherhurricanesweptacrossthesouthernstatesofAmerica.EverytimeaKatrina,RitaorWilmawreaksherhavoc,firmsaroundtheworldworrythatavitalsuppliermayhavebeenknockedoutoftheirincreasinglyglobalsupplychains.InarecentsurveybyHarrisInteractive,apollingfirm,andFMGlobal,anAmericanpropertyinsurer,financialexecutivesinBritainandNorthAmericasaidthatthetopthreattotheirrevenuescamenotfromterrorismornaturaldisastersdirectly,butfromabreakdownintheirsupplychain.TheeffectonEricsson,aSwedishmobile-phonecompany,ofafireinaNewMexicochipmakingplantbelongingtotheDutchfirmPhilips,hasbecomealegend.Thefire,inMarch2000,startedbyaboltoflightning,lastedlessthan10minutes,butitcausedhavoctothesuper-cleanenvironmentthatchipmakingrequires.Ericsson,unabletofindanalternativesourceofsupply,