金太阳示范工程经济政策技术分析

12011201155-6123“”“”45“”220093-6131.0928/kWh10MWp2010201062613230MWp1120MWp280MWp0.7288-0.9791/kWh2010MW59392MW“”“”2009311191MWp12.7BAPVBIPVBIPV()20/WpBAPV()15/WpBIPV17/WpBAPV13/Wp2010410MWBIPV17/WpBAPV13/Wp201079990MW11.952011130BIPV10MW50%6/W100-200MWBAPV200MW150MW3“”200981300kW30%“”50%70%2009“275640MWp200998201MW140MW20101050272MWp2010-20112012“”1GW464“”Feed-inTariff“”NetMetering)“”“”“”“”“”591“”1PV23PV102“”“Net-Metering”Model12“”3PV1NospecialFITforPV2ReducepowerconsumptionfromgridbyPV3PVconnectgridatloadside6112“”1PV23PV1220093972009716“”“”71314815:,16:,917:,12321019“”””“”25kW80MW2MW20TheUnitedStatesdoesnothaveuniformregulationsforinterconnectionacrossjurisdictions(statesandutilities).Ingeneral,small(under2MW)solarsysteminterconnectionruleshavethefollowingcharacteristics:1.Astreamlinedinterconnectionapplicationprocessthatensuresthatthedistributioncircuithasnomorethan15percentofitscapacityasdistributedgeneration.2.AninverterthatcompliedwithUL/IEEE1574standards,whichensuresanti-islanding.3.AlockableACdisconnecttoallowutilitypersonneltolockoutthegeneration.(Althoughthesemaynolongerberequiredinsomejurisdictions).ThesesimpleruleshaveworkedwellfortheUStodate,withalmostnodocumentedproblemsduetodistributedgeneration.The15percentrulehasbeenadoptedatthefederallevel,andaleadingutility(SouthernCaliforniaEdison)isusingthisrulewhendevelopingitsowndistributionsystemconnectedsolarsystems.15%15%112115%15%3“”“”1223“”241325PV26HighvoltageduetoDG:Highvoltagesmaybecausedbyreversepowerflow.Underlightloadforalocationwheretheprimaryvoltageisalreadyhigh,thevoltagerisecanbeenoughtopushthevoltageabovenominallimits.ThiscanevenhappenforasmallDGlocatedonthesecondarybecauseofthevoltagedropalongtheservicedrop,thesecondarywiring,andthedistributiontransformer.1427“StudyonD-UPFCintheClusteredPVSystemwithGrid”Reversepowerflowfromthegrid-connectedphotovoltaic(PV)systemsincreasesthevoltageofpowerdistributionline.InthecasethatlargenumbersofresidentialPVsystemsareconnectedtothepowergridwithinasmallarea,thissituationcalled“clustered”.“”“”“”28IEEE1547“”0.980.95“”0.81529“”IEC617271995“PV)”GB/T199392005“”IEC62364-7-712“”2009747“”1610kV-110kV“”“”“”“”BDEW“”Generatingplantsconnectedtothemedium-voltagenetwork1kV-60kVThisguidelineshallapplytotheplanning,construction,operationandmodificationofgeneratingplantswhichareconnectedtoanetworkoperator’smedium-voltagenetworkandoperatedinparallelwiththisnetwork.1kV-60kV)Itshallalsoapplyifthenetworkconnectionpointofthegeneratingplantislocatedinthelow-voltagenetwork,whilethejunctionpointwiththepublicnetworkislocatedinthemedium-voltagenetwork.Thisreferse.g.togeneratingplantsconnectedtoalow-voltagenetworkwhichislinkedwiththenetworkoperator’smedium-voltagenetworkthroughaseparatecustomertransformer,andwhichnocustomersofpublicsupplyareconnectedto.0.4kVTechnicalGuideline:GeneratingPlantsConnectedtotheMedium-VoltageNetworkJune2008issue,BDEW,3rdVersionofVDEStandardAGermangridcodeforthelow-voltagelevelisunderway.Thefirstdraftisverysimilartothedirectiveforthemedium-voltagelevel,whichhighlycontroversial,duetothecomparablyhighcostsforsmallroofPVsystems.1733ActivePowerControl10%100%,60%,30%,0%50.2Hz40%/Hz50.05Hz51.5Hz47.5Hz10%100%,60%,30%,0%50.2Hz40%/Hz50.05Hz51.5Hz47.5Hz34ReactivePowerControl1835Low-voltageRideThrough36Max.AdmissibleShort-CircuitCurrent1937Conclusion2039185.113.220.525.696.1139.018.01.428.02.632.07.078.011.0156.022.054.325.285.046.696.8122.3236.1194.1120W2221GW60W1110GW20%2200GW40122“”20121000MW4kW10.81000MW1088%“”21410.9640.9801.3000.9801.1000.8800.9180.8600.690/W)10.7711.0010.8010.50/Wp)421.7394/kW2243/W7.52717.3949.86717.3944.0005.6600.4820.9645.38510.7700.84/kWh15102010%6.12%8.0%1525.0%70%17.0%11000.5%0.7527/kW80.0%1.7394/kW44SellingPriceofElectricity(Yuan/kWh)0.836000.8360.836300.83630.914800.91480.944830.51740.83971.3349NA0.955100.32140.71311.12781.1631.020380.59NA1.1131.4181.007500.2740.741.168NA1.104750.3350.7811.2531.368DailyAverageLowNormalPeakHighest1000V/kWh[2009]2919-29260.9525/kWh“”0.84/kWh10%2345“”“”“”“”46300MW“”“”5%2447