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PassageOne(TheDevelopmentofCities)MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.1.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?[A]Typesofmasstransportation.[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.2.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.3.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?[A]Itwasexpensive.[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.[C]Itwasunplanned.[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.4.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity,[A]thatislarge.[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.Vocabulary1.revise改动2.fabric构造3.catalyze催化，加速4.sortout把……分门别类，拣选5.omnibus公共汽车/马车6.trolley（美）有轨电车，（英）无轨电车7.periphery周围，边缘8.sprawl修建物有方案延伸，蔓延，四面八方散开9.lot小片土地10.underscore强调，在上面划横线11.transitlines运输线路12.subdivision（出售的）小块土地，再划分小区写作办法与文章粗心文章阐述了“公共交通从三方面改动了城市的社会和经济构造。”采用分类写法。文章一开端就提出三方面：第一，促进城市本质性的扩展；第二，把人和土地分民别类加以应用；第三，加速了城市生活的不波动性。然后就是三方面的详细内容。答案详解1.D公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改动了美国城市的社会和经济构造。”后面文章内容就是三方面的详细化。A.公共交通运输类型。B.城市生活的不波动性。C.供需如何决议土地利用。这三项文中作为详细成绩提到，并不是文章触及的主要标题。2.C阐明公共交通改动了许多城市。答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地域几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。如今供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，依然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年时期，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。经过异样这段时期，郊区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地域内，又方案建造了550，000个住宅楼区。”A.表示生长的正反两方面效果。B.举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。D.比照两者生长率；都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。3.C没有方案。见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本有方案，好几千个小的投资商中止扩展，毫不思索互相协分配合应用土地，也不思索将来土地利用。”A.太贵和B.太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。D.它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。这不是住宅扩展的一个缺陷，而是三个根本改动城市的一个方面。见第一段第三句：“经过大批开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的寓居区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先古代时期的市中心更远。”4.C（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子阐明）土地开发逾越人口增长速度。答案详见第二段“这些置办和置备土地建立住宅，特别是置办临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶级的居民出来之前。他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是呼应这种需求。芝加哥就是这种进程的典型例子。那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。”A.城市大。B.用作土地开发的样板。D.具有优越的公共的交通零碎。PassageTwo(Holmes’Knowledge)Hisignorancewasasremarkableashisknowledge.Ofcontemporaryliterature,philosophyandpoliticsheappearedtoknownexttonothing.UponmyquotingThomasCarlyle,heinquiredinthenaivestwaywhohemightbeandwhathehaddone.Mysurprisereachedaclimax,however,whenIfoundincidentallythathewasignorantoftheCopernicanTheoryandofthecompositionoftheSolarsystem.“Youappeartobeastonished,”Holmessaid,smilingatmyexpression.“NowthatIdoknowitIshalldomybesttoforgetit.Yousee,Iconsiderthataman’sbrainoriginallyislikealittleemptyattic,andyouhavetostockitwithsuchfurnitureasyouchoose:Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacross,sothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedout,oratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthings,sothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.Itisamistaketothinkthatthelittleroomhaselasticwallsandcandistendtoanyextent.Dependuponit,therecomesatimewhenforeveryadditionofknowledgeyouforgetsomethingthatyouknowbefore.Itisofthehighestimportance,therefore,nottohaveuselessfactselbowingouttheusefulones.”“ButtheSolarSystem!”Iprotested.“Whatthedeuceisittome?”heinterruptedimpatiently.Onemorning,Ipickedupam