语言学复习资料

下定义1.(P3)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学):Thestudiesofallthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.2.(P7)Language（语言）:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.3.(P8)Arbitrariness（任意性）:Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.4.(P2)Phonetics（语音学）：Phoneticreferstothestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.5.(P16)Voicing（浊音化）:Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsounds.6.(P26)Assimilationrule（同化规则）:Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.7.(P29)Intonation（语调）:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.8.(P42)Syntax（句法）:Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.9.(P42)Category（范畴）:Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.10.(P48)Complementizers（补语化成分）:Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizers.11.(P53)Headmovement（中心语移动）:Themovementofawordfromtheheadpositioninonephraseintotheheadpositioninanotherisknownasheadmovement.12.(P64-65)Linguisticcontext（语言语境）:Thelinguisticcontextisconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword.13.(P66)Reference（所指）:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.14.(P70)Relationalopposites（关系反义词）:Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites.15.(P74)Argument（论元）:Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwithanominalelementinasentence.16.(P77)Pragmatics（语用学）:Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.17.(P81)Constatives（表述句）:Constativesarestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andarethusverifiable.填空题第一章1.(P3)Ifalinguisticaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive（描写性的）.Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive（规定性的）.2.(P4)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronic(共时的）study;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic（历时的）study.3.(P4)Langue(语言）referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparole(言语)referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse4.(P5)Chomskydefinescompetence(语言能力）astheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance（语言表现）theactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.第二章5.（P17)Assomespeechsoundsproduceddifferonlyinsomedetailedaspects,theIPAprovidesitsuserswithanothersetofsymbolscalleddiacritics(发音符号/辨音符）6.(P23)Aphoneme(音素）isaphonologicalunit,itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue,itisanabstractvalue.7.(P24)Itcanbeeasilyobservedthatphoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast(音素对照),e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit].8.(P24)Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccurthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtofromaminimalpair(最小配对).e.gpillandbill,pillandtillareaminimalpair.9.(P25)Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,therulesarecalledsequentialrules(序列规则).10.(P27)Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeature(超音段特征).第三章11.(P33)Morpheme(词素):thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesinformationaboutmeaningorfunction.Amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitselfiscalledafreemorpheme(自由词素).Whereasamorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneiscalledboundmorpheme(粘着词素).12.(P33)Thevariantformsofamorphemearecalleditsallomorphs(词素变体).第四章13.(P44)Syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrases(短语),thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt.14.(P45)Phrasesthatareformedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainthefollowingelements:head(中心语),specifier(标志语）andcomplement(补语).15.(P48)Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedsubcategorization（次范畴化）.16.(P52)Transformation(转换）isaspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother.第五章17.(P67-68)Synonymy:近义关系的分类:1)Dialectalsynonyms(方言同义词)--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects.(来自不同地域的人使用同一种语言产生的不同）2)Stylisticsynonyms(文体同义词)--synonymsdifferinginstyle3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluative(评价)meaning4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配同义)5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms（不考）18.(P69)Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones(同音不同形不同义).Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs(同形不同音不同义).Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms(同形同音不同义).19.(P70)Antonymy:反义关系的分类1)Gradableantonyms(可分等级的反义词)2)Complementaryantonyms(互补反义词)3)Relationalopposites(关系反义词)20.(P72)Componentialanalysis(成分分析)isawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.第六章21.(P81)T