新西兰-毛利Maori文化

NewZealandculture•NewZealand'scultureisrichanddiverseduetotheblendingofPolynesian(波利尼西亚的)andEuropeancultures.TheinfluenceofMaori,PacificIsland,EuropeanandAsianculturesmakesNewZealandacolourfulandvibrantplacewithmanydifferentcustoms.•Maoricamebetween1,000and3,000yearsago.ThefirstpeopletosettleNewZealandweretheancestorsoftheMaoriwhoarethoughttohavecalledtheislandsAotearoa(“LandoftheLongWhiteCloud”).CultureofNewZealand:MaoriCultureofNewZealand:Maori•TheMaoriarethenativepeoplelivingintheNewZealandandcompriseabout14percentofthecountry'spopulation.TheyhavetheirowntypicalMaoriculture,whichreferstoalltheelementsoftherichcultureheritageoftheindigenous(本土的)peopleinNewZealand,includingtheirlanguage,customsandtradition.Theyhavetheirownlanguage,reoMaori,whichisalsooneoftheofficallanguagesofNewZealand.Maoritanga(毛利人文化和风俗习惯)MaoritangameansMaoriculture,theMaoriwayoflifeandviewoftheworld.TraditionalMaoricultureisexpressedinsong,dance,oratory（演讲术），woodcarving（木雕）,weaving,andarchitecture.Threestagesofculturaldevelopment:1、TheearliestculturaltraditioninNewZealandwasthatoftheMaori,whodevelopedarichanddiversePolynesiancultureingeographicisolationfromtheotherculturesofPolynesia.2、Europeansettlersbroughtwiththemtheirowntraditions,whicheventuallydominatedthecountry’sculturallife.3、Sincethe1950stheculturalfabricofNewZealandhasbecomeincreasinglydiversewiththeimmigrationofpeoplesfromthePacificIslandsandAsia.HakadanceHakadance•Thehaka,whichwasoriginallyusedasaWARCRYandasapreparationbeforebattle,ischaracterizedbyheavystomping(跺脚),loudchanting（喊叫）,andaggressivebodymovements.ThehakaisthemostwidelyknownperformancewhichisusedbytheAllBlacks(NewZealand'snationalrugbyteam)tochallengetheirrivals.MaoriWoodcarving:WoodcarvingisatraditionalartformoftheMaoripeople.Maorihousesandcommunalbuildingsoftenincorporateornate（装饰华丽的）woodcarvings.MaoriWoodcarving：Aspartoftheresurgence（复兴）ofMāoriculture,thetraditionalcraftsofcarvingandweavingarenowmorewidelypractisedandMāoriartistsareincreasinginnumberandinfluence.MostMāoricarvingsfeaturehumanfigures,generallywiththreefingersandeitheranatural-looking,detailedheadoragrotesque（奇形怪状的）head.woodcarving•Surfacepatternsconsistingofspirals（螺线）,ridges（脊）,notches(槽口)andfishscalesdecoratemostcarvings.MaoriHouses:TheredandwhitehouseshownhereisownedbyaMaorifamily.Maoridecoratedthewhitewoodofbuildings,canoesandcenotaphs(纪念碑)usingredandblackpaintandpaintedpicturesofbirds,reptiles(爬行动物）andotherdesignsoncavewalls.MaoriArtNewZealandArt•PortraitsofMāoriwerecommon,withearlypaintersoftenportrayingthemasnoblesavages,exotic(异乎寻常的)beautiesorfriendlynatives.Thecountry'sisolationdelayedtheinfluenceofEuropeanartistictrendsallowinglocalartiststodevelopedtheirowndistinctivestyleofregionalism.Duringthe1960sand70smanyartistscombinedtraditionalMāoriandWesterntechniques,creatinguniqueartforms.NewZealandarthasgraduallyachievedaninternationalaudience.