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1第一节（略）第二节TechnicalandSemi-TechnicalWords科技、半科技专业术语2.1Technicalwords科技专业术语Anordinaryreaderorlistenermayfinditdifficulttounderstandthewritingorspeechcomposedpurelyinscientificlanguage.Wordsusedintechnicallanguagepresentthefirstobstacletothosewhohavelittleornospecificknowledgeintherelatedfield.ThespecialvocabularyofESTincludestechnicalandsemi-technicalterms.2.1.1HighlySpecializedinMeaning意义高度专业化Withrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newtermsareneededtodefinenewphenomenaandtoexplainnewthingsandprocesses.Oftensuitabletermshavetobeinvented.Scientistshavebeenextendingthevocabulariesoftheirsubjectsforcenturiesandeachsubjecthasitsownstoreoftermswithpreciseandnarrowmeanings.Forexample,stratosphere(同温层),quartzoscillator(石英晶体振荡器),seismology(地震学),polysomic(多倍体的),circumradius(外接圆半径),polystyrene(聚苯乙烯),leukocyte(白细胞),sequoia(红杉),etc.Youmayfindmanysuchkindofwordsinthisbook.2.1.2TheUseofPrefixesandSuffixes前缀后缀的使用ManytechnicaltermsaremadeupfromLatinorGreekrootswithprefixes(前缀)andsuffixes(后缀).Forexample,thewordpolytetrafluoroethylene(聚四氟乙烯)ismadeupoffiveparts:poly-(前缀:多，复，聚),tetra-(四),fluoro-(氟),ethyl(乙基，乙烷基),and–ene(后缀：烯属烃，苯属烃).Anotherexample,geoastrophysics(地球天体物理学):geo-(地球),astro-(星，天体，宇宙),physics(物理学).Therefore,knowingthemeaningofprefixesandsuffixescanhelpyouunderstandthemeaningofthewords.ThefollowingaresomeofthecommonlyusedprefixesandsuffixesinEST.1)Prefixes前缀aero-:空气，大气；气体；飞机；航空aerobiology(空气生物学，高空生物学);aeronautics(航空学，飞行学);aeromechanics(航空力学)astro-:星，天体；宇宙astrodynamics(天体动力学);astrogeology(天体地质学);astronomy(天文学)anti-:反，抗，阻；治，止；防止，中和antibody(抗体);anticancer(抗癌的);anticorrosive[防(腐)蚀(的)]auto-:自动的，自动调整的；自己，本身autocontrol(自动控制);autoignition(自燃);auto-switch(自动开关)bio-:生命；生物；生物学的biochemistry(生物化学);bioelectricity[生物(电流)];biosphere(生物圈)cyber-:计算机的；互联网的cyberaddict(网迷);cyberattack(黑客攻击);cyberspace(网络空间)de-:离开；去除，减少deforestation(滥伐森林);desalter(脱盐设备);desensitizer(脱敏药)di-:二，二倍，二重；双，联dioxide(二氧化物);diode(二极管);diproton(双质子)electro-:电的；导电的；电解；电子(的)electroanalysis[电(解)分析];electrobiology(生物电学);eletromagnetism(电磁，电磁学)geo-:地球；土地2geodynamics(地球动力学);geochemistry(地球化学);geoscience(地球科学，地学)hydro-:水；氢化的hydrobiology(水生生物学);hydrocarbon(碳氢化合物);hydrology(水文学)infra-:在下(部)；亚，低，外infra-acoustic[亚(次)声的];infrared[红外线(的)];infrahuman(低于人类的动物，类人动物).in-:非，无inactive(非活动性的);inorganic(无机的);instability(不稳定性)macro-大，宏观的micro-:小，微；扩大，放大microcomputer(微型计算机);microorganism(微生物);microscope(显微镜)mono-:单，一monochromator(单色仪);monotreme(单孔目动物);monoxide(一氧化物)multi-:多multiprocessing(多重处理);multipropellant(多元推进剂);multivitamin[多种维生素(的)]photo-:光；光电；照相(术)photoconductor(光电导体，光敏电阻);photochemistry(光化学);photosynthesis(光合作用)radio-:放射，辐射；无线电；射线radiobiology(放射生物学);radiodetection(无线电探测);radioelement(放射性元素)semi-:半；部分的，不完全的（hemi-）semiconductor(半导体);semifluid(半流质的);semisphere[半球(形)]sub-:在...底下；从属；次要；分(支)；近(于)subcircuit[(分)支电路];subcompound(亚化合物);subsonic(亚音速的)super-:超，超级superaltitude(超高空),superfluid[超流体(的)],supersonic(超音速)tele-:远距离；电信telecontrol(遥控);telemechanics(遥控机械学，遥控力学);telemetry(远距离测量技术)thermo-:热thermodynamics(热力学);thermometer(温度计，寒暑表);thermosphere(热大气层)thermostrans-:转移；超越transgene(转基因);translunar(月球外侧的，月球轨道外的);transplant(移植，移栽)ultra-:超，过；极端ultrasonic[超声(音速)的];ultraviolet(紫外线);ultravirus[超显微(滤过性)病毒]2)Suffixes后缀-fold:...倍，...重，...次，...方fivefold(五倍的，五倍地);manifold(多样的，多方面的)-free:不...，无...duty-freeice-free(不冻的);nuclear-freezone(无核区);oil-free(不含油的);static-free(不受静电干扰的)-gram:图spectrogram(光谱图);bathygram[水(海)深图];electrogram(电记录图)-cide:杀灭剂；杀suicidehomicideinsecticide[杀虫(药)剂];weedicide(除草剂)-meter:剂，仪，表seismometer(地震仪);speedometer(速度计，里程计);multimeter(万用表)-ology:...学，...论cosmology(宇宙学);psychology(心理学);seismology(地震学)-proof:不透...的，防...的，抗...的，耐...的airproof(不透气的);fireproof(耐火的，不燃的);water-proof(防水的)；heatproof[抗(隔、耐)热的];shockproof(防震的，防电击的)bulletproof3-scope:用于观察的仪器，镜microscope(显微镜)telescope(望远镜);spectroscope(分光镜);radioscope(放射镜)-tight:不透的airtight(密封的，不透气的);watertight(不透水的，防水的)-therapy治疗方法thermotherapy温热疗法hydrotherapy水疗法2.2Semi-TechnicalWords半科技专业术语Therearemanywordswhoseuseisnotconfinedtoscientificandtechnologicalcontexts,buttheyformanessentialpartofEST.TheyincludesomewordsformedfromGreekorLatinrootslikeenergy(fromGreek)andefficiency(fromLatin).However,mostofthemhavebeentakenfromeverydaylanguageandgivenaprecisedefinitionforscientificuse.Inotherwords,scientiststakeoverthesecommonwordsandconvertthemintotechnicaltermsbyusingtheminaspecialway.Asaresult,themeaningsofthesewordsintheirtechnicalusearelikelytodifferfromtheirnon-technicalmeanings,andtheymayhavedifferentprecisemeaningsindifferenttechnicalfields.Thustheword“reaction”mightineverydaycontextrefertoone'sreactiontohearingofanaccidentthathappenedtoafamilymember,whileinchemistryitmightbeusedtorefertothereactionofammoniawithcarbondioxidetoformanotherkindofsubstance;innuclearphysicsitmightrefertoanuclearchainreactionandincivilengineeringitmightrefertothereactionofabeamagainsttheweightofaloadplacedonthebeam.Thereareplentyofsemi-technicalwordsinEST,andthefollowingareafewexamples:•family一般意义：家，家庭；家属，亲属【动植物】科e.g.animalsofthecatfamily(猫科动物)【化学】【数学】【天文】【地质】族e.g.theh