空气污染困扰全球

空气污染困扰全球HONGKONG—TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaidTuesdaythat92percentofpeoplebreathewhatitclassifiesasunhealthyair,inanothersignthatatmosphericpollutionisasignificantthreattoglobalpublichealth.香港——世界卫生组织（WorldHealthOrganization，简称WHO）周二称，根据其标准，世界上92%的人呼吸着不健康的空气。这再度表明，大气污染对全球公众健康构成了重大威胁。Anewreport,theW.H.O.’smostcomprehensiveanalysissofarofoutdoorairqualityworldwide,alsosaidaboutthreemilliondeathsayear—mostlyfromcardiovascular,pulmonaryandothernoncommunicablediseases—werelinkedtooutdoorairpollution.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthosedeathsareinSoutheastAsiaandtheWesternPacificregion,comparedwith333,000inEuropeandtheAmericas,thereportsaid.WHO新发布的一份研究报告还说，每年约有300万例死亡——死因多为心血管病、肺病以及其他非传染性疾病——与室外空气污染有关。WHO在报告中对世界各地的空气质量做了迄今为止最全面的分析。报告称，相关死亡案例有将近三分之二发生在东南亚和西太平洋地区，相比之下，欧洲和美洲共发生33.3万例。“Whenyoulookoutthroughthewindowsinyourhouseorapartment,youdon’tseethetinylittleparticlesthataresuspendedintheair,sotheusualperceptionisthattheairisclean,”RajasekharBalasubramanian,anairqualityexpertattheNationalUniversityofSingaporewhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saidinatelephoneinterviewonTuesday.“透过自家房子或公寓的窗户往外望，你看不见空气中悬浮的微小颗粒，所以常常以为空气很干净，”与该报告无关的新加坡国立大学空气质量专家拉贾塞卡•巴拉苏布拉马尼安(RajasekharBalasubramanian)周二接受电话采访时说。“ButtheW.H.O.reportisaclearindicationthatevenintheabsenceofairpollutionepisodes,theconcentrationsofparticlessuspendedintheairdoexceedwhat’sconsideredtobeacceptablefromahealthviewpoint,”hesaid.“但WHO的报告清楚地表明，即便是在没发生空气污染事件的情况下，从健康角度看，空气中悬浮颗粒的浓度也的确超出了被认为是可接受的程度，”他说。Inpreviousstudies,theW.H.O.estimatedthatmorethaneightin10peopleinurbanareasthatmonitoredairpollutionwerebreathingunhealthyairandthataboutsevenmilliondeathsayearwerelinkedtoindoorandoutdoorpollution.WHO以前的报告曾估计，在空气污染受到监测的城市地区，每十个人里有八个呼吸着不健康的空气；此外，每年约有700万例死亡与室内外污染有关。Thenewstudyreducedthesecondestimateto6.5milliondeaths.ButMaríaP.Neira,directoroftheW.H.O.’sDepartmentofPublicHealthandEnvironment,saidinatelephoneinterviewthat“thetrendsarestillgoinginthewrongdirection.”在这份新报告中，第二个数字被减少为650万例。但WHO公共卫生与环境司司长玛丽亚•P•内拉(MaríaP.Neira)接受电话采访时说，情况“还在朝着错误的方向发展”。“Somebodyhastopayforthosehealthsystemstosustainthetreatmentandthecareforthosechronicpatients,andthisissomethingthatcountriesneedtobalancewhentheymakedecisionsaboutthesourcesofenergytheyareselectingorthechoicestheymakeintermsofpublictransport,”Dr.Neirasaid.“Theseeconomiccostsofhealthhavetobepartoftheequation.”“得有人为那些医疗卫生系统买单，以便让那些慢性病人得到治疗和护理。这是各个国家进行能源选择方面的决策，或者做出公共交通方面的抉择时，需要综合考量的因素之一，”内拉说。“这些与公共卫生有关的经济成本，必须成为方程式的一个因子。”TheW.H.O.studywasconductedbydozensofscientistsover18monthsandwasbasedondatacollectedfromsatellites,air-transportmodelsandgroundmonitorsinmorethan3,000urbanandrurallocations,agencyofficialssaidTuesday.WHO官员周二称，这项研究是由数十名科学家花费逾18个月的时间完成的，所依据的数据源自卫星测量，大气输送模型以及覆盖3000多个城乡地点的地面监测器。Theagencydefinedunhealthyairashavingconcentrationsoffineparticulatematter,knownasPM2.5,above10microgramspercubicmeter,or35.3cubicfeet,butitdidnotmeasureconcentrationsofozone,nitrousoxideorotherharmfulpollutants.WHO将不健康的空气定义为：空气中的细颗粒物，即PM2.5的浓度在每立方米（或每35.3立方英尺）10毫克以上。但它并未衡量臭氧、一氧化二氮以及其他有害污染物的浓度。Thestudysaidthatmajordriversofglobalairpollutionincludedinefficientenergyuseandtransportationbutthatnonhumanfactors,suchasduststorms,alsoplayedarole.报告称，导致全球空气污染的主要因素包括效率低下的能源使用和交通运输方式，但一些非人为因素，比如沙尘暴，也发挥了作用。ProfessorBalasubramaniansaiditwasanopenquestionwhethercountriesinSoutheastAsia,aregionthathasdenselypackedcitiesandstrugglestocombatcross-borderpollution,wouldchoosetoimproveurbanairqualitybyswitchingtocleanerfuelsintheirpowerplants,asWesternEuropeancountriesdidseveraldecadesago.有着高密度城市的东南亚地区，目前正竭力对抗跨境污染。巴拉苏布拉马尼安教授称，东南亚国家是否会选择像数十年前的西欧国家那样，为了改善城市空气质量，转而使用清洁燃料发电，还是一个悬而未决的问题。Prolongingthedecisionswillprobablyincreasethehealthriskfromairpollution,hesaid,becausetheregion’spopulationisrisinganddemandingmoreenergy.他说，拖延做决定的时间很可能让源于空气污染的健康风险升高，因为该地区的人口正在增长，对能源的需求也与日俱增。美国谴责辽宁鸿祥帮助朝鲜躲避制裁HONGKONG—TheUnitedStatesJusticeDepartmenthasfiledcriminalchargesagainstaChineseexecutive,accusingher,thecompanysheownsandseveralofhercolleaguesofviolatingAmericansanctionsmeanttochokeofffundingtoNorthKoreancompaniesthathelpPyongyangdevelopnuclearweapons.香港——美国司法部对一名中国公司高管提出刑事起诉，指控她本人、她拥有的公司，以及她的几名同事违反了美国针对朝鲜的制裁。这些制裁旨在阻止资金流入为平壤的核武器发展提供帮助的朝鲜公司。MaXiaohong,44,istheownerofDandongHongxiangIndustrialDevelopmentCompany,atradingcompanythatinoneyear,accordingtoUnitedStatesofficials,handledmorethanone-fifthofthecommercebetweenNorthKoreaandChina.44岁的马晓红是贸易企业丹东鸿祥实业发展有限公司的老板，美国官员表示，该公司一年经手的中朝贸易额占两国贸易总值的五分之一以上。SheandhercolleaguesworkedwithKwangsonBanking,aNorthKoreanbankthathasbeenthesubjectofAmericansanctionsforyears,tosetupshellcompaniesinHongKongandoffshoretaxhavenstodisguisetheactivity,theJusticeDepartmentsaidinastatementreleasedMonday.美国司法部在周一发布的声明中说：马晓红及其同事与美国长期的制裁对象光鲜银行(KwangsonBanking)一起，在香港和离岸避税港设立壳公司，掩盖交易活动。OnAug.3,afederaljudgeinNewJerseysignedasealedindictmentagainstMsMa,hercompanyandthreeofhercolleagues,chargesthatweremadepubliconMonday.8月3日，新泽西州的一位联邦法官签署了针对马晓红、她的公司及其三名同事的密封起诉书。起诉书在本周一公之于众。JusticeDepartmentofficialstraveledtoBeijingtoalertChineseofficialstotheactivity,andthismonththeChinesepoliceopene