第六章三元相图

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《材料科学基础》FundamentalsofMaterialsScience第六章--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------西安工业大学材料与化工学院王正品1第六章三元相图Chapter6TernaryPhaseDiagram本章基本问题:1.三元合金相图的几何原理。2.直线定律与重心法则的应用。3.三元匀晶相图和三元共晶相图。4.立体图在浓度三角形上的投影图、水平截面图和垂直截面图。5.三元合金相图的分析方法。6.三元合金结晶过程中相与组织的转变规律。7.实用三元合金相图进行分析。Questionsforchapter61.Whatistherepresentationofternaryphasediagram?2.Howtoapplytheleverruleandatietriangletocomputethefractionsofphasespresentatequilibrium?3.Howtounderstandternaryisomorphousphasediagramandternaryeutecticphasediagram?4.Howtodrawtheprojectionof3-Dternaryphasediagramsontothebaseandhowtodrawthehorizontalsectionsandverticalsections?5.Howtoanalyzeaternaryphasediagram?6.Whatarephasetransformationrulesforternaryalloys?7.Howtoanalyzearealternaryphasediagram?Whenthreecomponentsaremixedtogethertomakeaternaryalloyweneedathree-dimensionalspaceinwhichtoconstructthephasediagram,sincetherearetwoindependentconcentrationvariablesandonetemperaturevariable(ignoringpressureasavariable).6-1三元合金相图的几何原理Sec.6.1RepresentationofthephasediagramTorepresentcompositionsofternaryalloysweneedatwo-dimensionalfigureinplaceoftheunitline.Atrianglehasthenecessaryproperty.Forconvenienceweuseanequilateraltriangle.ThethreecornersrepresentthepurecomponentsA,BandC.Thethreesides,eachofunitlength,representthethreebinarysystemsAB,BCandCA.Pointsinsidethetrianglerepresentternaryalloys.Wenoticetwousefulfeaturesofthisrepresentation:(1)Pointsonalineparalleltoasideofthetrianglerepresentalloyswithafixed《材料科学基础》FundamentalsofMaterialsScience第六章--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------西安工业大学材料与化工学院王正品2contentofthecomponentintheoppositecorner;(2)Pointsonastraightlinethroughonecornerrepresentalloysinwhichthecomponentsattheothertwocornersareinconstantproportions.Withthetriangleasbaseweplottemperaturevertically,toformatriangularprism.Sincetheternarysystemmustmergesmoothlyintoeachofthecorrespondingbinariesasoneorotherofthethreecomponentsisreducedtozero,thethreebinaryphasediagramsareconstructedonthethreesidesofthistriangularprism.Thisistheframeworkinwhichweconstructtheternaryphasediagram.Aconvenientwayofshowingthephasesformedinternarysystemsisbymeansofhorizontalsectionsthroughthephasediagramatvariousselectedtemperatures.Fromsuchasectionwecanfindthecompositionsandproportionsofthephasespresentinanyalloyinequilibriumatthetemperatureconcerned.VerticalsectionsAnotherconvenientwayofanalyzingthesolidificationofaternaryalloyisbymeansofverticalsectionstakenthroughthephasediagrams.Theintersectionswiththeprimary,secondaryandtertiarysurfacesareclearlyseen.Thedisadvantageherehoweveristhatwecannotdeduce,fromsuchasection,thecompositionsofthephasespresent.Itissometimesconvenienttotakeverticalsectionsalonglinesthroughthecornersofthephasediagram,sincethesecontainthestraightisothermallinesofthesecondarystageoffreezing.1三元相图的主要特点(1)是立体图形,主要由曲面构成;(2)可发生四相平衡转变;(3)一、二、三相区为一空间。2成分表示法-成分三角形(等边、等腰、直角三角形)(1)已知点确定成分;(2)已知成分确定点。3成分三角形中特殊的点和线(1)三个顶点:代表三个纯组元;(2)三个边上的点:二元系合金的成分点;(3)平行于某条边的直线:其上合金所含由此边对应顶点所代表的组元的含量一定。(4)通过某一顶点的直线:其上合金所含由另两个顶点所代表的两组元的比值恒定。4平衡转变的类型(1)共晶转变:cbaTL0《材料科学基础》FundamentalsofMaterialsScience第六章--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------西安工业大学材料与化工学院王正品3(2)包晶转变:cTbaL0(3)包共晶转变:cbTaL0还有偏共晶、共析、包析、包共析转变等。1.共线法则与杠杆定律(1)共线法则:在一定温度下,三元合金两相平衡时,合金的成分点和两个平衡相的成分点必然位于成分三角形的同一条直线上。(由相率可知,此时系统有一个自由度,表示一个相的成分可以独立改变,另一相的成分随之改变。)(2)杠杆定律:用法与二元相同。两条推论(1)给定合金在一定温度下处于两相平衡时,若其中一个相的成分给定,另一个相的成分点必然位于已知成分点连线的延长线上。(2)若两个平衡相的成分点已知,合金的成分点必然位于两个已知成分点的连线上。1重心定律在一定温度下,三元合金三相平衡时,合金的成分点为三个平衡相的成分点组成的三角形的质量重心。(由相率可知,此时系统有一个自由度,温度一定时,三个平衡相的成分是确定的。)平衡相含量的计算:所计算相的成分点、合金成分点和二者连线的延长线与对边的交点组成一个杠杆。合金成分点为支点。计算方法同杠杆定律。6-2三元匀晶相图Sec.6.2TernaryIsomorphousPhaseDiagram1相图分析点:Ta,Tb,Tc-三个纯组元的熔点;面:液相面、固相面;区:L,α,L+α。2三元固溶体合金的结晶规律液相成分沿液相面、固相成分沿固相面,呈蝶形规律变化。(立体图不实用)3等温界面(水平截面)(1)做法:某一温度下的水平面与相图中各面的交线。(2)截面图分析3个相区:L,α,L+α;2条相线:L1L2,S1S2(共轭曲线);若干连接线:可作为计算相对量的杠杆。1变温截面(垂直截面)(1)做法:某一垂直平面与相图中各面的交线。(2)二种常用变温截面经平行于某条边的直线做垂直面获得;《材料科学基础》FundamentalsofMaterialsScience第六章--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------西安工业大学材料与化工学院王正品4经通过某一顶点的直线做垂直面获得。(3)结晶过程分析注意:成分轴的两端不一定是纯组元;液、固相线不一定相交;不能运用杠杆定律(液、固相线不是成分变化线)。2投影图(1)等温线投影图:可确定合金结晶开始、结束温度。(2)全方位投影图:匀晶相图不必要。6-3三元共晶相图Sec.6.3TernaryEutecticPhaseDiagram1.组元在固态互不相溶的共晶相图Weshallfirstconstructtheternarydiagramequivalenttotheeutecticdiagram.Forsimplicityofconstructionweshallassumeinitiallythatthethreeprimarysolidsolubilitiesarenegligiblysmall.Forthemomentweconsideronlytheliquidusoftheternary.Thisformsthreedistinctsurfaces,extendinginwardsanddownwardsfromeachcorner,asindicatedbytheisothermal“contour”linesshowninthediagram.ThesurfacesmeetalongthreevalleylineswhichruninwardsanddownwardsfromeachbinaryeutecticpointE1,E2,E3,andconvergeatacentralternaryeutecticpointE.Therearethusthreedistinctstagesoffreezing,primary,secondaryandtertiary,accordingasone,two,orthreesolidsareseparatingout.Beneaththeliquidustheremustthereforeexistsecondaryandterti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