6-1为了测定形状不规则的合成氨用铁催化剂的形状系数,将其填充在内径为98mm的容器中,填充高度为1m,然后边续地以流量为1m3/h的空气通过床层,相应测得床层的压力降为101.3Pa,实验操作温度为298K,试计算该催化剂颗粒的形状系数。已知催化剂颗粒的等体积相当直径为4mm,堆密度为1.45g/cm3,颗粒密度为2.6g/cm3。解:2/3.1013.101smkgPap,mLr1,3/185.1mkgismkgsPa/1087.11087.155,mdp3104smu/03685.0)098.0(785.036001204423.060.245.111pBB根据式(6-4)可推导出pssdd/,式中sd为等比外表面积相当直径,pd为等体积相当直径。根据式(6-9)得rBBsiMLdufp)1(320,即)1(/203BirBpSMuLpdf(1)根据式(6-10,6-11)得75.1)1(15075.11500ipSBeMMudRf(2)将已知数据代入,联立解方程(1)、(2)得:0778.875.107.392ss解得:4969.0s6-2由直径为3mm的多孔球形催化剂组成的等温固定床,在其中进行一级不可逆反应,基于催化剂颗粒体积计算的反应速率常数为0.8s-1,有效扩散系数为0.013cm2/s,当床层高度为2m时,可达到所要求的转化率。为了减小床层的压力降,改用直径为6mm的球形催化剂,其余条件均不变,流体在床层中流动均为层流,试计算:(1)催化剂床层高度;(2)床层压力降减小的百分率。解:(1)求用直径为6mm的球形催化剂的床层高度2rL已知数据:cmmmds3.031,cmds6.02,mLr21,18.0skv,scmDe/013.02根据式(5-72)计算西勒模数,根据式(5-76)计算内扩散有效因子。3922.0013.08.023.031311evpDkR,92.017845.0013.08.026.031322evpDkR,756.02根据关系式122121rrrrVVLL,得mLLrr434.22756.092.01212(3)求用直径为6mm的球形催化剂的床层压力降减小的百分率:根据式(6-9)得rBBsiMLdufp)1(320,假定床层的空隙率不变,则有:2211212rMrMLfLfpp(1)流体在床层中流动均为层流,层流流动时:eMMRf/150,结合式(6-9)和在除直径外其余条件均不变时,可得:21221ssMMddff(2)联立解(1)、(2)式得:292.343.22442121rrLLpp床层压力降减少的百分率为:%62.69%100292.31292.3%100121ppp6-3拟设计一多段间接换热式二氧化硫催化氧化反应器,每小时处理原料气35000m3(标准状况下),原料气中SO2、O2和N2的摩尔分数分别为7.5%、10.5%和82%。采用直径5mm、高10mm的圆柱形钒催化剂共80m3。试决定反应器的直径和高度,使床层的压力降小于4052Pa。为了简化,取平均操作压力为0.1213MPa,平均操作温度为733K,混合气体的粘度等于3.4×10-5sPa,密度按空气计算。解:根据给定的条件得:smAAu/75.213600350011213.01013.02737330,式中A为床层截面积,2mmAALr180/80mSVdpps32210005.601.0005.014.3005.0785.0201.0005.0785.066mVdpp33/123/110215.701.005.05.168323.0211.7/143.2/pssdd查得45.0B,3/4832.0mkgi,因此:75.104444.075.14832.0)75.21(10005.6)45.01(104.315075.1)1(15075.11501350AAudRfipSBeMM根据式(6-9)得:arBBsiMpAAAAALdufp)75.104444.0(10838.145.010005.6)45.01()75.21(4832.080)75.104444.0()1(3733211320为了使床层的压力降小于4052Pa,于是根据4052)75.104444.0(10838.137AA,试差求解床径:床层直径D(m)床层截面积A(m2))75.104444.0(10838.137AA(Pa)5.322.0546805.422.8942405.4523.3240385.5023.753849所以床层直径应大于或等于5.45m,直径为5.45m所对应床层高度为:mALr431.332.23/80/806-4在绝热催化反应器中进行二氧化硫氧化反应,入口温度为420℃,入口气体中SO2浓度为摩尔分数为7%;出口温度为590℃,出口气体中SO2的摩尔分数2.1%,在催化剂床层内A、B、C三点进行测定。(1)测得A点的温度为620℃,你认为正确吗?为什么?(2)测得B点的转化率为80%,你认为正确吗?为什么?(3)测得C点的转化率为50%,经再三检验结果正确无误,估计一下C点的温度。解:(1)在绝热床内,温度是呈线性上升的,出口处温度最高,床内任一点温度不可能高于出口温度,故测得A点的温度为620℃是不可能的。(2)出口处SO2的转化率为:(0.07-0.021)×100%/0.07=70%。床层内部任一点处转化率不可能高于70%,故转化率为80%是不可能的。(3)因为86.2427.0420590Axt,故C点温度为:4.5415.086.2424200Axtt℃。6-5乙炔水合生产丙酮的反应式为:2233222232HCOCOCHCHOHHC在ZnO-Fe2O3催化剂上乙炔水合反应的速率方程为:hm/kmolC/T7413exp1006.7r37床层)(式中CA为乙炔的浓度,拟在绝热固定床反应器中处理含量为3%C2H2(mol)的气体1000m3(STP)/h,要求乙炔转化68%,若入口气体温度为380℃,假定扩散影响可忽略,试计算所需催化剂量。反应热效应为-178kJ/mol,气体的平均恒压热容按36.4J/molK计算。解:因为乙炔浓度很低,忽略反应过程总摩尔数的变化。t)(273G)273x-(1FG)x-(1FC0AA0AA0A式中0G为以标准状态计的体积流量,G为温度t时垢体积流量。t)(273G)x-273(1F/T7413exp107.06C/T7413exp107.06r0AA07A7AAfx07AA0A0A0A0.680AA0r/T)7413(exp107.06)273x-(1Ft)dx(273GFdxr1FV0.640A7AA0/T7413exp273x1107.06t)dx(273Q)()(KJ/mol4.36CJ/mol1078.1178kJ/molp5K5.1464.361078.103.0)(-y5A0PC绝热操作线方程为:AA0A0x5.146380xxtt)(,令:7413/T-exp273x11006.7t273)f(xA7A在0~0.7之间取XA的值,确定温度数值,再计算出f(XA)的值,列表如下:XA00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7t℃380395409424438452468482F(XA)×1032.862.522.282.092.022.012.12.39图解积分得:0.6803-AA101.5dxxf)(所以,33rm5.1105.11000V。6-6在氧化铝催化剂上进行乙腈的合成反应:molkJ/-92.2HHCNCHNHHC23322设原料气的摩尔比为C2H2:NH3:H2=1:2.2:1,采用三段绝热式反应器,段间间接冷却,使每段出口温度均为550℃,而每段入口温度亦相同,已知反应速率式可近似地表示为:hkgHkmolCxkrAA/)1(22,)(T/7960exp1008.3k4式中Ax为乙炔的转化率,液体的平均热容为KJ/mol128CP,如要求乙炔转化率达到92%,并且日产乙腈20吨,问需催化剂量多少?解:以下标A、B分别表示乙炔、乙腈。h/kmol09.2292.04124102092.0M241020F3A0B在热衡算中忽略反应过程总摩尔数的变化,并把各段的PC视为相等,对每一段均有:AA44APA0At0A0PAptA0A0Pt171.5128109.2212.211TJ/mol1022.9mol/kJ92.2H-CyH-FFCHCF)FH(-TFH-TCFxxxxx依题意得知各段△T相等,所以各段转化率差Ax亦相等,3067.092.03/1Ax,各段△T=171.5×0.3067=52.59K,因而各段进口温度=823-52.59=770.4K。各段进出口温度和转化率列下表:段数进口出口T(K)AxT(K)Ax一770.408230.3067二770.40.30678230.6134三770.40.61348230.92第一段AxT5.1714.770,)(T/7960exp1008.3k4A0.306703067.00A01d)1(122.091FwxxkdxrAAAAx00.050.100.150.200.250.300.3067T770.4779787.6796804.7813.3821.9823k1.0031.1241.2571.401.5581.7291.9151.9411/k(1-Ax)0.9970.93650.88390.840.80320.77110.74590.7431图解积分求得:0.2576)x-k(1dx3067.00AA因此,w1=22.09×0.2576=5.690Kg第二段,)3067.0(5.1714.770AxT,)(T/7960exp1008.3k4Ax0.30670.350.400.450.500.550.600.613T770.4777.8786.8794.9803.6812.1820.7823k1.0031.1071.2381.3781.5371.7051.8591.9411/k(1-Ax)1.4381.3891.2471.3181.31010.3031.3231.3330.4212dx)x-k(11A0.61340.3067A,故有:w2=22.09×0.4212=9.304Kg第三段,)6134.0(5.1714.770AxT,)(T/7960exp1008.3k4Ax0.60340.650.700.750.800.850.900.92T770.4776.7785.2793.8802.4810.9819.5823k1.0031.0911.2191.3601.5141.6801.8651.9411/k(1-Ax)2.5792.6192.7352.9413.3033.9685.3626.44004.1dx)1(1A0.920.6134Axk,w3=22.09×1.04=22.96Kg所以,催化剂总重量=5.69+9.304+22.96=37.95Kg6-7在一列管式固定床反应器中进行邻二甲苯氧化