1第十七讲:被动语态被动语态(Voice)是个语法范畴,是表示主语和动词之间语法意义和语义关系的动词形式。英语动词有主动和被动两种语态,当主语是动词的发出者时,动词用主动语态(ActiveVoice);当主语是动作的承受者时,动词要用被动语态(PassiveVoice)。只有及物动词才有被动语态。如:ScientistshavebeenpuzzledfordecadesbyhowturtlesmanagetonavigateacrosstheAtlantic;butnowtheyknow.几十年来,科学家一直对海龟如何能穿越大西洋迷惑不解;但现在他们知道了。这句话中,scientists是puzzle的承受者,故puzzle用被动语态。They是know的发出者,故know用主动态。19.1被动语态的构成形式动词的被动语态是由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成的,时态由be体现。主动语态的句子结构与被动语态的句子结构如下所示:Theywillwidentheroad.(主动)Theroadwillbewidened.(被动)主动语态:动作的发出者+主动语态动词+动作的接受者主语谓语宾语被动语态:动作的接受者+被动语态动词(be+动词过去分词)+(by+动作的发出者)主语谓语宾语19.1.1被动语态各种时态形式表下面以make为例,说明各时态动词的被动语态形式:现在范畴一般现在时am/is/aremade现在进行时am/is/arebeingmade现在完成时has/havebeenmade过去范畴一般过去时was/weremade过去进行时was/werebeingmade过去完成时hadbeenmade将来范畴一般将来时shall/willbemade将来完成时shall/willhavebeenmade过去将来时should/wouldbemade过去将来完成时should/wouldhavebeenmade注:完成进行时态一般不用被动语态。例句:1.Thesubjectoftheselectureshasbeenannouncedbythelecturecommittee.(这些讲座的课题已经由讲座委员会宣布了。)2.Mypictureswon’tbedevelopeduntilnextweek.(我的照片要到下星期才能冲洗出来。)3.Theyweredisguisedsothatwewouldn’trecognizethem.(为了不让我们认出来,所以他们伪装了起来。)4.Alltheapparatushadbeenpreparedbeforetheexperimentbegan.(所有的器械在实验开始前就准备好了。)5.Theworld’ssuppliesofcopperarebeinggraduallyexhausted.(世界的铜资源正在逐渐被耗尽。)6.Thegoodswerejustbeingunloadedwhenwearrivedattheairport.(我们到机场时正在卸2货。)19.1.2一些特殊形式的被动语态1)含有情态动词的被动语态一般式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+be+过去分词完成式:情态动词(can,could,may,might,must,should,need等)+have+过去分词例如:Thiscanbedonebyhand.这可以手工做。Thismustn’tbeneglected.这一点不可以忽视。Thebookneedn’tbereturnednow.书不必现在还。Theenvironmentshouldbeimproved.环境应当改善。Theprojectmighthavebeencompletedearlier.这项工程本可以早些完工的。Theyshouldn’thavebeentoldabouttheplan.这个计划是不应当告诉他们的。2)带有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子变为被动语态时,只把一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语保留在动词之后,这种句子可以有两个被动句。如:1.Histeachergavehimabook.→Abookwasgiventohimbyhisteacher.或:Hewasgivenabookbyhisteacher.2.Sheshowedmehernewskirt.→Iwasshownhernewskirtbyher.或:Herskirtwasshowntomebyher.3)含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时,将宾语变成主语,宾语仍保留在动词之后,成为主语补语。例如:1.Hepaintedthetablegreen.→Thetablewaspaintedgreen.2.Hefoundanoldmanlyingatthedoor.→Anoldmanwasfoundlyingatthedoorbyhim.注意:make,hear,see,watch,feel,let,have等动词在主动语态的句子中,其后作宾补的不定式一般不带to,但当用在被动句时,后面作宾补的不定式必须带to。例如:①Hidmothermadehimdohishomeworkagain.→Hewasmadetodohishomeworkagainbyhismother.②Shesawamangointotheroom.→Amanwasseentogointotheroom.4)动词短语的被动语态相当于及物动词的动词短语也有被动语态形式。⑴词+介词①Theyhavetalkeraboutthismatterrecently.Thismatterhasbeentalkedaboutrecently.②Wehaveneverheardofsuchathingbefore.Suchathinghasneverbeenheardofbefore.③Theylookedaftertheoldmancarefully.Theoldmanwaslookedaftercarefullybythem.⑵动词+副词④Theyputoffthesportsmeeting.⑤Thesportsmeetingwasputoff.3⑥Wemustthinkoverwhathesaid.⑦Whathesaidmustbethoughtover.⑶其他动词短语⑧Wemustdoawaywithprivileges.⑨Privilegesmustbedoneawaywith.⑩Hisclassmatesoftenmakefunofhimforthis.Heisoftenmadefunofforthisbyhisclassmates.5)get+过去分词构成的被动语态get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如:①Themangothurtonhiswayhome.那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。②Maryisgoingtogetmarried.玛丽准备结婚了。③Howdidtheglassgetbroken?杯子怎么破了?19.2被动语态使用要点1.不及物动词不能用于被动语态appear,rise,die,happen,occur,lie,depart等都属此类动词。例如:Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.(误)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.(正)2.表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作,而是表示某种状态或情况,有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意,这类动词不能用于被动语态,常见的有:lack,fit,mean,hold,resemble,have,cost,contain,fail,consistof,looklike等。例如:Thebookcosts10yuan.HermotherisresembledbyJane.(误)Janeresembleshermother.(正)Note:当have作“吃,接收,经历,度过”解时,虽用作行为动词,但一般不用于被动语态。例如:Thechildrenhadamostenjoyableholiday.(正)Amostenjoyableholidaywashadbythechildren.(误)但当have作“得到,获得,欺骗”解,或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时,可用于被动语态。例如:Shehasbeenhadinthedealing(overthebargain).她在那项交易(买卖)中受骗了。Theticketcanbehadfortheasking.票索要即得。3.某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类动词有:bake,owe,brew,cook,print,bind,do等。例如:Theteaisbrewing.茶在煮。Themoneyisstillowing.那笔钱仍欠着。Thedictionaryisbinding.词典在装订。4.不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的,故可以用于被动语态(注意不要省略或漏掉介词或副词),如winover,giveup,askfor等。但是,不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的,也可以是不及物性的;不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态,如lookup/down,speakfor等。例如:Thefactspeaksforitself.这一事实不言自明。(正)Itselfisspokenforbythefact.(误)Thingsarelookingup.情况看来有好转。(正)Thingsarebeinglookedup.(误)42)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态Shewasmuchlookeduptoforherkindness.她因多星善事而受人尊敬。Thetickethasbeenspokenfor.那张票有人订了。Note:payattentionto,takecareof等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。例如:Thesituationhasbeenpaidattentionto.Attentionshavebeenpaidtothesituation.Thewoundedaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthewounded.5.主动形式表示被动意义的词1)某些感观动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义,如:look,smell,taste,prove,wear,sound等Theflowersmellssweet.花闻起来很香。Thedishtastesdelicious.菜吃起来非常可口。2)某些及物动词后加副词(有些可不加副词)也可以表示被动意义,如:wash,write,smell,read,open,cut,lock等Thistypeofrecordersellswell.这种型号的录音机销路很好。Thatkindofshirtwashesverywell.这种衬衫很耐洗。Iteatswell.这种东西吃上去味道好。3)want,deserve,need,require,repay,stand,take,won’tbear和worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。这时,动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系,若动名词是不及物的,后面还应有适当的介词。例如:Thebookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。Thepointdeservesmentioning.这一点值得提到。Thetablewantscleaning.这张桌子该擦了。Thatwon’tbearthinkingof.那是不堪想象的。4)某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义Sheistoblame.她应该受到责备。Therockishardtobreak.这块岩石很难打碎。Sheisea