兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集第十三章羧酸及其衍生物1.用系统命名法命名下列化合物:解:1.CH3(CH2)4COOH2.CH3CH(CH3)C(CH3)2COOH3.CH3CHClCOOH4.COOH5.CH2=CHCH2COOH6.COOH7.CH3COOCH38.HOOCCOOH9.CH2COOH10.(CH3CO)2O11.COOCOCH312.HCON(CH3)213.COOHO2NO2N14.CONHCO3,5-二硝基苯甲酸邻苯二甲酰亚胺15.CH3CHCHCOOHCH3OH16.OHCOOH2-甲基-3-羟基丁酸1-羟基-环己基甲酸2.写出下列化合物的构造式:己酸2,2,3-三甲基丁酸2-氯丙酸2-萘甲酸3-丁烯酸环己烷甲酸对甲基甲酸甲酯对苯二甲酸1-萘乙酸乙酸酐2-甲基顺丁烯二酸酐N,N-2-甲基甲酰胺兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集解:(1)草酸(2)马来酸(3)肉硅酸(4)硬脂酸HOOCCOOHCCHHCOOHCOOHCH=CHCOOHCH3(CH2)16COOH(5)α-甲基丙烯酸甲酯(6)邻苯二甲酸酐(7)乙酰苯胺(8)过氧化苯甲酰胺CH2=CCH3COOCH3COOCONHCOCH3COCOOONHCOH2NCOOC2H5CCNHCNHOOOH2NCNH2NHCOOCOnCH2CHOCOCH3[]n3.写出分子式为C5H6O4的不饱和二元酸的所有异构体(包括顺反异构)的结构式,并指出那些容易生成酸酐:解:有三种异构体:2-戊烯-1,5-二酸;2-甲基-顺丁烯二酸;2-甲基-反丁烯二酸。其中2-甲基-顺丁烯二酸易于生成酸酐。CCHCOOHCOOHCCHCOOHCH3HOOCCH3HOOCCH=CHCH2COOH2-戊烯-1,5-二酸;2-甲基-顺丁烯二酸;2-甲基-反丁烯二酸4.比较下列各组化合物的酸性强度:醋酸,丙二酸,草酸,苯酚,甲酸解:(9)ε-己内酰胺(10)氨基甲酸乙酯(11)丙二酰脲(12)胍先写出分子式,然后判断(13)聚马来酸酐(14)聚乙酸乙烯脂兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集CH3COOH,HOOCCOOHHOOCCH2COOH,,OH,HCOOHHOOCCOOHHOOCCH2COOHHCOOHOHCH3COOH2.C6H5OH,CH3COOH,F3CCOOH,ClCH2COOH,C2H5OHF3CCOOHClCH2COOHCH3COOHC6H5OHC2H5OH3.NO2COOHCOOHNO2COOHOHOHNO2COOHCOOHNO2COOHOHOH5.用化学方法区别下列化合物:(1)乙醇,乙醛,乙酸解:先用碘仿反应,后用吐伦试剂。(2)甲酸,乙酸,丙二酸解:先用吐伦试剂,后进行加热,丙二酸可放出二氧化碳。(3)草酸,马来酸,丁二酸解:先用溴水进行试验,后进行高锰酸钾试验。4,COOHCOOHCH2OHOH解:先用三氯化铁进行试验,后进行氢氧化钠试验,苯甲酸可溶于氢氧钠。解:解:(4)兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集(5)乙酰氯,乙酸酐,氯乙烷解:用硝酸银进行试验,乙酰氯立即生成氯化银沉淀,乙酸酐不反应,氯乙烷后加热才有氯化银沉淀生成。6.写出异丁酸和下列试剂作用的主要产物:解:1.Br2/PCH3CH3CHCOOHBr2/PCH3CCOOHBrCH32.LiAlH4/H2OCH3CHCOOHCH3LiAlH4/H2OCH3CH3CHCH2OH3.SOCl2CH3CH3CHCOOHSOCl2CH3CH3CHCOCl4.(CH3CO)2O/CH3CH3CHCOOH(CH3CO)2O/CH3CHCO)2CH3(O+CH3COOH5.PBr3CH3CH3CHCOOHPBr3(CH3)2CHCOBr6.CH3CH2OH/H2SO4CH3CH3CHCOOHCH3CH2OH/H2SO4(CH3)2CHCOOC2H57.NH3/CH3CH3CHCOOHNH3/(CH3)2CHCONH27.分离下列混合物:CH3CH2COCH2CH3,CH3CH2CH2CHO,CH3CH2CH2CH2OH,CH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3NaOHaqCH3CH2CH2COONaHClCH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CHSO3NaOHH+,H2OCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3NH23NHOHCH3CH2CCH2CH3NNHOHHClCH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2OH解:兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集CH3CH2COCH2CH3,CH3CH2CH2CHO,CH3CH2CH2CH2OH,CH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3NaOHaqCH3CH2CH2COONaHClCH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CHSO3NaOHH+,H2OCH3CH2CH2CHOCH3CH2COCH2CH3NH23NHOHCH3CH2CCH2CH3NNHOHHClCH3CH2COCH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2OH8.写出下列化合物加热后生成的主要产物:解:1,2-甲基-2-羟基丙酸2,β-羟基丁酸3,β-甲基-γ-羟基戊酸4,δ-羟基戊酸5,乙二酸9.完成下列各反应式(写出主要产物或主要试剂)CH3CH3CCOOOCOCCH3CH3CH3CH=CHCOOHOCOCH3OCO(CH3)2CCOOHOHCH3CHCH2COOHOHCH3CH3CHCHCH2COOHOHHOCH2CH2CH2CH2COOHHOOCCOOHHCOOH+CO2兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集1.CH3CH2CN(A)H2O,H+CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2COCl(B)SOCl2(G)H2,Pd/BaSO4CH3CH2CHOCH3CH2CONH2(D)P2O5(E)NH3(C)NH3(F)NaOBr,NaOHCH3CH2NH22.C=O1.C2H5MgBr2,H3O+OHC2H5PBr31.Mg,(C2H5)2O2.CO2,H3O+C2H5COOH3.ClCClO2NH3H2NCNH2OH2NCNH2OH2NCONHCNH2O4.C=ONaCN,H2SO4OHCNH3O+OHCOOHOOOCOC10.完成下列转变:1.CH3CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2COOHCH3CH2COOH[H]CH3CH2CH2OHPBr3CH3CH2CH2BrNaCNCH3CH2CH2CNH3O+CH3CH2CH2COOH2.CH3CH2CH2COHCH3CH2COOHCH3CH2CH2COOHCl2/PCH3CH2CHCOOHCl-OHCH3CH2CHCOOHOHKMnO4,H+CH3CH2COOH3.C=CH2CH2COOH兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集CH2COOHC=CH2+HBrROORCH2BrMg,(C2H5)OCH2MgBr1,CO22,H3O4.CH3COCH2CH2CBr(CH3)2CH3COCH2CH2C(CH3)2COOHCH3COCH2CH2CBr(CH3)2HOCH2CH2OH/H+CH3CCH2CH2CBr(CH3)2OOMg,(C2H5)OOOCH3CCH3CH2CH2CMgBrCH31.CO22.H3O+CH3COCH2CH2C(CH3)2COOH11.试写出下列反应的主要产物:解:1.CH2CH2COOHCH2CH2COOHP2O5COOCO2.CCCOOC2H5COOC2H5+COOC2H5COOC2H53.++4.NaCr2O7KMnO4H2SO4H+COOHCOOHCOOHCOOH5.COH18O+CH3OHH+COOCH3+H2O18兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集6.(R)-2-溴丙酸+(S)-2-丁醇H+/⊿C2H5HCH3OOCBrHCH3H+HCH3OHCH3CH2+CH3HCOOHBr7.CH3CH2COONa+CH3CH2CH2COClCH3CH2CH2COOCCH2CHCH3O8.CH2CH2CCOOO+2C2H5OHC2H5OCOCH2CH2COC2H5O9.CH3CONH2+NaOBr-OHCH3NH210.CNCONH2+P2O512.预测下列化合物在碱性条件下水解反应的速度顺序1.CH3COOCH3CH3COOC2H5CH3COOCH(CH3)3CH3COOC(CH3)3HCOOCH3HCOOCH3CH3COOCH3CH3COOC2H5CH3COOCH(CH3)3CH3COOC(CH3)3解:酯的羰基上亲核加成-消除反应活性由诱导效应和立体效应决定,也由离去基团的离去能力来决定,离去基团离去能力越强活性越强。离去基团的离去能力与其碱性强度成反比,碱性越强越不易离去,因为碱性强度顺序为:CH3O-C2H5O-(CH3)2CHO-(CH3)3CO-兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集2.COOCH3COOCH3COOCH3COOCH3NO2ClOCH3COOCH3COOCH3COOCH3COOCH3OCH3NO2Cl13.由指定原料合成下列化合物(无机原料可任选)(1)乙炔丙烯酸甲酯CHCH+H2OHg++,H2SO4CH3CHOHCNCH3CHCNOHCH3OH,H2SO4CH2=CHCOOCH3CH3CHCH3OHPBr3CH3CHCH3BrMg,(C2H5)2O(CH3)2CHMgBrCO2H2O,H+(CH3)2CHCOOHCH3CH2CNCH2ClCH2COOHCl2hvNaCNH2O,H+CH3CH2ClCl2hvMg,(C2H5)2OCH2MgClCO2H2O,H+CH2COOH(4)由丁酸合成乙基丙二酸(2)异丙醇α-甲基丙酸(3)甲苯苯乙酸(用两种方法)解:解:兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集CH3CH2CH2COOHCl2,PCH3CH2CHCOOHClNaCNCH3CH2CHCOOHCNH2O,H+CH3CH2CHCOOHCOOHCH2=CH2+HOClHOCH2CH2ClNaCNHOCH2CH2CNH2O,H+HOCH2CH2COOHOCH3CHOOCH3CHCOOHHOCHOOCH3NaCNCHCNHOOCH3CHCOOHHOOCH3H2O,H+(7)乙烯α-甲基-β-羟基戊酸(用雷福马斯基反应)CH2=CH2[O]CH3CHOHCNCH3CHCNOHH2O,H+CH3CHCOOHOHCl2,PCH3CHCOOHClC2H5OH,H+CH3CHCOOC2H5ClCH3CHCOOC2H5Zn,C6H6ZnClCH2=CH2+CO+H2CatCH3CH2CHOCH3CHCOOC2H5ZnClH2O,H+CH3CH2CHCHCOOHOHCH3(8)对甲氧基苯乙酮和乙醇β-甲基-β-羟基对甲氧基苯丙酸乙酯(5)乙烯β-羟基丙酸6.对甲氧基苯甲醛α-羟基对甲氧基苯乙酸兰州交通大学化学与生物工程学院有机化学习题集CH3OCCH3O,C2H5OHCH3OCH3OHCCH2COOC2H5C2H5OH[O]CH3COOHCl2,PClCH2COOHC2H5OH,H+ClCH2COOC2H5Zn,C6H6ClZnCH2COOC2H5+CH3OCCH3OH2O,H+CH3OCH3OHCCH2COOC2H5(9)环戊酮,乙醇β-羟基环戊烷乙酸ClZnCH2COOC2H5Zn,C6H6ClCH2COOC2H5C2H5OH,H+ClCH2COOHCl2,PCH3COOH[O]C2H5OHC=OClZnCH2COOC2H5H2O,