病毒、细菌等病原微生物的超微结构吴晓英2015.10一、病毒的超微结构病毒是非细胞形态的生命体,是迄今发现的最小、最简单的有机体。它不是单细胞微生物,不具有功能性细胞器,所有的病毒必须要在细胞内才能表现出它们的基本生命活动。研究病毒的超微结构及其与病毒的关系具有重大的意义。1、病毒的基本知识①病毒的构成:主要是由一种核酸分子(DNA或RNA)与蛋白质构成的核酸—蛋白质复合体。有类似病毒的更简单的生命体,仅由一个有感染性的RNA构称为“类病毒(viroid)”。1980年,还发现有一种称为“朊病毒(prion)”的更简单的生命体,仅由有感染性的蛋白质构成。②病毒的主要特征:非常微小。病毒能通过细菌滤器,需借助电子显微镜才能看到它们的存在。其大小常以纳米(nm)表示,(1nm=10-9m)。病毒具备生命活动的最基本特征:遗传与复制病毒是彻底的寄生物:主要的生命活动必须在细胞内才能完成--复制、增殖病毒自身既无产能酶系也无蛋白质合成系统,没有独立的代谢与能量转化系统,必须利用宿主的结构、原料、能量与酶系统进行复制。没有细胞结构,一般病毒主要成分由单一类型核酸(DNA或RNA)和蛋白质组成,故也称分子生物。病毒只在特定的寄主细胞内寄生专性活细胞内寄生,在活体外没有生命特征,以无生命的化学大分子状态存在,并可形成结晶。对一般抗生素不敏感,对干扰素敏感。病毒的概念——亚显微的、没有细胞结构的、专性寄生的微生物。③病毒的形态④病毒的分类:a.根据病毒的宿主分:动物病毒植物病毒细菌病毒(噬菌体)b.按病毒的核酸分:DNA病毒:双链、单链RNA病毒:双链、单链⑤病毒的成分:a.核酸:是遗传信息的唯一储存场所,所占比例小,是病毒的感染单位,功能上是病毒最重要的成分。b.蛋白质:主要构成病毒的壳体(capsid),所占比例大,有保护核酸的作用,另外,病毒的主要抗原性也由壳体蛋白决定。构造病毒粒子——成熟的(结构完整)、具有侵染力的单个病毒,又称病毒颗粒。核髓:核酸衣壳:蛋白质基本结构:特殊结构:被膜刺突等⑥病毒的超微结构:病毒粒子中央:DNA或RNA分子,电子密度大壳体:蛋白质构成包膜:脂蛋白构成的磷脂双分子层,含糖蛋白⑦病毒的对称性三类典型形态的病毒:•二十面体对称的结构(球状):壳体呈20面体,每一面又呈三角形,核酸折叠在壳体内•螺旋对称的结构(杆状):核壳体由核酸与核体的子粒按特殊的结构方式构成•复合对称的结构(蝌蚪状)大肠杆菌的T偶数噬菌体是由椭圆形的二十面体头部和螺旋对称的尾部组合而成,是病毒中复合对称的代表。二十面体对称病毒粒子腮腺炎病毒腺病毒Papillomavirus(乳头瘤病毒)Manytypesofpapillomaviruscausebenignskintumours(warts疣)intheirnaturalhosts.Thesewartsoftenregressspontaneously,buthumangenitalwarts(tumourscausedbyspecifictypesofpapillomavirus,particularlytypes16and18)regularlybecomemalignantiftheypersistforasufficientlylongtime.Herpesvirus(疱疹病毒)Membersofthefamilyherpesviridaearefoundinawiderangeofhostsystems.Todate,atleastsevendifferentspeciesareknowntoinfectman,includingherpessimplexvirus(HSV);cytomegalovirus(CMV),varicella水痘zoster(VZV);andEpsteinBarrvirus(EBV).螺旋对称的病毒粒子烟草花叶病毒Virionsare42nmindiameterandpossessanisometricnucleocapsidorcoreof27nmindiameter,surroundedbyanoutercoatapproximately4nmthick.TheproteinofthevirioncoatistermedsurfaceantigenorHBsAg.Itissometimesextendedasatubulartailononesideofthevirusparticle.Thesurfaceantigenisgenerallyproducedinvastexcess,andisfoundinthebloodofinfectedindividualsintheformoffilamentousandsphericalparticles.Filamentousparticlesareidenticaltotheviriontails-theyvaryinlengthandhaveameandiameterofabout22nm.Theysometimesdisplayregular,non-helicaltransversestriations.③复合对称的病毒粒子噬菌体2、透射电子显微镜下观察病毒方法:负染色技术超薄切片技术Visualizationofindividualvirusparticles单个病毒粒的可视性Mostbiologicalmaterialsshowlittlecontrastwiththeirsurroundingsunlesstheyarestained.Inthecaseoflightmicroscopy,contrastcanbeenhancedbyusingcolouredstainswhichselectivelyabsorbcertainwavelengths.Theelectronsintheelectronmicroscopeareabsorbedverylittlebybiologicalmaterialandcontrastisobtainedmainlybyelectronscattering.Toheightenthecontrastbetweenvirusesandthebackground,useismadeofelectron-dense“stains”.Theseareusuallycompoundsofheavymetalsofhighatomicnumber,thatservetoscattertheelectronsfromregionscoveredwiththestain.Ifvirusparticlesarecoatedwithstain(positivestaining),finedetailmaybeobscured.Negativestainingovercomesthisproblembystainingthebackgroundandleavingthevirusrelativelyuntouched.Thenegativestainismoulded塑造roundthevirusparticle,outliningitsstructure,andisalsoabletopenetrate洞察betweensmallsurfaceprojectionsandtodelineate轮廓them.Iftherearecavitieswithinthevirusparticlethatareaccessibletothestain,thesewillberevealedandsomeoftheinternalstructureofthevirusmaybedisclosed.无包膜的病毒Nakedvirusesareicosahedral二十面体;theirproteincoatorcapsid衣壳ismorerigid坚硬andwithstandsthedryingprocesswelltomaintaintheirspherical球形structureinnegativestains.Negativestainofasmallnakedicosahedral(二十面体)virus(poliovirus脊髓灰质炎).Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.Negativestainofamediumnakedicosahedralvirus(polyomavirus多瘤病毒).Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.Negativestainofalargenakedicosahedral二十面体virus(adenovirus).Notebead-likecapsomeric壳微粒structuresthatformflattriangularfacetsonthesurface.Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.有包膜病毒Envelopedviruseshaveanoutercoveringthatisusuallyderivedfromhostmembranes.Someenvelopedviruseshavesurfaceprojectionslongenoughtobeclearlyvisualized(coronaviruses冠状)(Fig.4),whileothershaveshortorfragileprojectionsthatarerarelyseeninnegativestainsofclinicalmaterial(e.g.herpesviruses,andretroviruses)(Fig.5and6).FIG.4.Negativestainofanenvelopedviruswithclearsurfaceprojections(influenzaBvirus).Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.FIG.5.Negativestainofanenvelopedviruswithsuchshortsurfaceprojectionsthattheyarenotoftenvisibleinnegativestains(rubella风疹virus);thenucleocapsidsinsidearenotmorphologicallydistinct.Someparticlesareoutlinedbythestain,showingthesurfaceofthevirus(arrow),andsomearepenetratedbythestain(arrowhead)allowingvisualizationoftheinteriorofthevirus.Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.FIG.6.Negativestainofanenvelopedviruswithicosahedralnucleocapsid(herpesvirus).Theenvelopehassurfaceprojectionsthatarenotreadilyvisualizedinclinicalmaterial.Bar,100nm.Magnification,x100,000.Herpes_simplex_virus_TEMEnvelopedviruseshaveanucleocapsid(thenucleicacidheldtogetherbysomestructuralproteins)inside.Itcanbespherical球形(icosahedral二十面体)(Fig.6),helical(likeaSlinky)(Fig.7),complex(withseveralcomponents,asinpoxviruses痘病毒)(Fig.8),ormo