第十章动词的基本形式一、概述动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。如:表示动作的动词go,do,write,work,like,enter等;表示状态的动词be,keep,feel,sound等。二、动词的分类1、单个动词和短语动词根据构词方式,动词分为单个动词和短语动词。(1)单个动词;由一个单词构成。如;come,go,brush,hope,need等。Ifanybodycalls,tellthemI’mout,andaskthemtoleavetheirnameandaddress.如果有人打电话,告诉他我出去了,请他留下姓名和地址。Thetaxidriveroftenremindspassengerstotaketheirbelongingswhentheyleavethecar.出租汽车司机提醒顾客临下车时带走他们的物品。-DoyouthinktheStarswillbeattheBulls?你认为明星队会打败公牛队吗?-Yes.Theyhavebetterplayers,soIexpectthemtowin.会的。他们有更好的队员,所以我预料他们会赢。Theywatchedthetrainuntilitdisappearedinthedistance.他们注视着火车直到消失在远方。AlltheleadingnewspapersreportedthetradetalksbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.各大主要报纸都报道了中美两国贸易谈判的消息。(2)短语动词:由两个或两个以上单词构成。短语动词常有以下几种组合:①动词+副词动词+away,back,out,ahead,forward,aside,up,on,over,off等构成的动词短语,如:setup,puton,giveup,bringout,makeout等。“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词;如果其宾语是名词,则既可插在动词和副词之间。也可放在副词后面;若其宾语为人称代词,则须把宾语置于动词和副词之间,其后必须有宾语。常见的短语:backup支持,blowup炸毁,calloff取消,bringup抚养,cutoff切断carryout执行,giveaway送掉,分发,放弃,泄露,出卖,让步,陷下,findout查明,handin上交,giveup放弃,lookup查找,handout分发,makeup构成,makeout认出,pointout指出,pickup拣起,putforward提出,putoff取消,ringup打电话,puton穿上,setoff出发,seeoff送行,setup建立,setaside留出,宣告无效,takeoff脱下,takein吸收,受骗“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词,这种动词结构不能接宾语,也不用于被动语态。常见的短语:breakdown毁掉,制服,压倒,停顿,倒塌,中止,cometo苏醒,dieaway逐渐消失,dropout退出,givein让步,growup长大,knockoff停工,lookout当心,passaway去世,runout耗尽,showoff炫耀,turnup出现,fallthrough失败,fallout争吵,passout死,不复存在,blowover结束,comeoff成功,lookup改进,有起色,comeout开花,makeoff逃跑,fallback后退,makeup和好,falloff下降,catchon理解,pullup停下,cropup发生,出现Wethoughtthematterover.或:Wethoughtoverthematter.我仔细考虑过这个问题。Sheputitonandwentout.她穿上它出去了。而不能:Sheputonitandwentout.Newsreportssaypeacetalksbetweenthetwocountrieshavebrokendownwithnoagreementreached.有消息报道那两个国家的和平谈判没达成任何协议而失败。Wedidn’tplanourartexhibitionlikethatbutitworkedoutverywell.我们原本没有计划那样搞艺展,但效果不错。Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedtogoout.没人注意到小偷溜进房子因为恰巧灯熄了。Shelookeduphisnumberinthephonebooktomakesurethatshehadgotitright.她在电话簿里查看他的号码来核实她的号码是否准确。Itiswisetohavesomemoneyputawayforoldage.为晚年存点钱是明智的。Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup?我听不到收音机的声音,请你把音量调大点。②动词+介词动词+at,for,from,into,of,to,with等,构成的动词短语总是介词型的。这类动词相当于一个及物动词,宾语只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词与介词之间。常见的短语:acton按……采取行动,accountfor说明,applyfor申请,amountto等于,believein信仰,attendto关照,breakthrough冲破,breakinto闯入,comeacross遇见,consistof由……组成,dealwith对付,处理,dowithout废除,improveupon改进,insiston坚持,complainof(about)抱怨,lookafter照料,lookinto调查,objectto反对,operateon手术,readof读到,approveof赞成,满意,dreamof梦到,conceiveof想象,addto增加,adjustto适应,admitto承认,allowfor允许,agreeon(with,to)同意,aimat瞄准,argueabout争辩,arrangefor安排,askfor要求,callon访问,agreeon对...达成协议;对...取得一致意见,carefor喜欢,concentrateon集中,contributeto贡献,hearof(about)听说,hopefor希望,insiston坚持,listento听,workon从事于,致力于,goover复习,speakof说起,thinkabout考虑,thinkof考虑,关心,想起,referto查阅,提到,谈到,打听,breakinto破门而入,侵占,relyon依靠,providefor提供,payfor付款,liveon靠……生存等。WearethinkingofgoingtoFrance.我们考虑到法国去。Theteachertoldustolookattheblackboard.老师叫我们看黑板。③动词+副词+介词这类结构的短语动词相当于一个及物动词。常见的短语:catchupwith赶上,goinfor从事,comedownwith患病,lookdownupon轻视,datebackto追溯到,lookupto尊敬,getawaywith逃避惩罚,keepawayfrom,避免,getalongwith/getonwith,与……相处breakawayfrom脱离,standupfor包围,支持,goonwith继续,putupwith忍受,liveupto不负于,实现,sitinon旁听,lookforwardto期望,watchoutfor留神,makeupfor补偿,checkupon核对,调查,runoutof用光,comeinfor得到,受到,checkoutof付账离开,dropoutof推出,getawaywith成功,逃避,fillinfor代替,getthrough理解,打通电话,comeupto达到,符合,listeninto听广播,getbackat报仇,holdonto抓住,keepupwith跟上,comeupwith得出,getthroughwith完成,cutdownon减少,readupto专攻,研究,doawaywith废除,breakinon打扰,getdownto认真从事,lookinon访问,看望,faceupto面对,lookoutfor警惕,turnoutfor出席等。Wethoughtofsellingthisoldfurniture.Butwe’vedecidedtoholdontoit.Itmightbevaluable.我们本想把旧家具卖掉,可是我们还是决定继续保留下它。这家具说不定挺值钱的。Wewillliveuptowhatourparentsexpectofus.我们决不辜负父母亲对我们的期望。Ican'tputupwithyourhypocrisyanymore.我再也不能容忍你的虚伪态度了。④动词+名词(+介词)这类短语动词相当于及物动词,需要跟宾语,既可以作谓语动词,也可以作非谓语动词,这类短语动词大多可以构成被动语态,而且常有两种构成方式:把短语动词中的名词作为被动语态的主语;把短语动词后的介词宾语作为被动语态的主语。常见的短语:catchsightof看见,drawone’sattention吸引……注意力,getridof摆脱,makemuchof重视,keepaneyeon留意,layfoundationfor为……打基础,makefunof取笑,keeppacewith赶上,makeuseof利用,layholdof抓住,payattentionto注意,layemphasis(stress)on强调,takecareof照顾,makeamessof弄糟,takepartin参加,makementionof提到,findfaultwith挑毛病,makeafoolof愚弄,giveriseto引起,setfireto放火,losesightof看不见,makefriendswith交友,takeaccountof考虑,putanendto结束,takeheadof注意,takeadvantageof利用,takeholdof抓住,takenoticeof注意到,takeexceptionof开除等。Thesehousesweresetfiretobytheenemysoldiers.那些房子被敌军放火烧了。Takecareofthepenceandthepoundswilltakecareofthemselves.节约便士,英镑自然会积累起来。Tothishedidn’tpaytheslightestattention.这件事一点也没有引起他的注意。⑤be+形容词+介词:besureof(about)确定,befondof喜欢,beusedto习惯,beworthyof值得等。Heisfondofmusic.他喜欢音乐。Ihavebeenusedtothelifeher.我已经习惯这里的生活了。2、行为动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词从其含义来分,动词可分为行为动词(notionalverb)、连系动词(linkverb)、情态动词(modalverb)和助动词(auxiliaryverb)四类:类别举例行为动词work,study,swim连系动词be,seem,become情态动词shall,will,do助动词can,may,must(1)行为动词:有完整的意义,能独立作谓语的动词。①及物动词及物动词可以有宾语,可以由被动语态,如make,build,open等。Watchhimandthentrytocopywhathedoes.注意观看他,然后试着照他做的去做。AswejoinedthebigcrowdIgotseparatedfrommyfriends.当我们进入人群时,我和我的朋