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ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.Linguistics语言学Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.GeneralLinguistics普通语言学ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.Language语言Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4.DesignFeatures识别特征Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。⑴Arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.P.Sthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions⑵Productivity多产性Animalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.⑶Duality双重性Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.⑷Displacement移位性Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.⑸Culturaltransmission文化传递Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.Thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Notbyinstinct.Animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.5.Competence语言能力Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.Performance语言运用Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。7.Diachroniclinguistics历时语言学Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8.Synchronicallinguistics共时语言学Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.9.Langue语言Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.Parole言语Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.11.Prescriptive规定性Itaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.12.Descriptive描述性Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、知识点1.Languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:Langue和parole的区别⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.Hall----languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美国语言学家CharlesHockett提出了语言的识别特征designfeatures3.Theword’language’precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。4.Inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.5.Languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit'shardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.6.Firstdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。三、问答题1.Whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachstudy?Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.2.Whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘arbitrariness’oflanguageis‘arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’.3.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.Unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。5.Whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwriti