大气氮沉降研究进展-常运华

①1234112121．8300112．1000493．7300704．100193Ndeposition。、、/。3。、、、。。5、、。N278%。N2、N2reactiveni-trogenNr。、Nbio-logicalNfixationBNF。N3、。Nr。、、、〔1〕。2．7×109a〔2〕。20haber-boschprocess1913NH3NOxNO+NO2Nr〔3〕。Nr1860—1960〔4〕50a186015Tg1995156Tg2005187Tg〔4－5〕100Tg·a－1〔6〕。NrNr。Galloway〔5〕Dentener〔7〕20001〔8〕1993NOy+NHx100Tg2050。、3〔79－10〕。Nr、、Nr、、〔11〕〔4〕。296201211ARIDZONERESEARCHVol．29No．6Nov．2012①2011－11－292012－02－15“”[e-mail][e-mail]972－979http//azr．xjegi．com12000〔5〕Fig．1SpatialdistributionofglobalNrdeposition2000〔5〕118。。18431853〔12〕。、2070。“”EMEP1977251979“”CLRTAP81983。1980“”10a———“”NAPAP。CAAA/titleIV1990NOxCAPMoN、IMPROVE、MCCPro、MADPro。NOx19—20NH32080。“”EANET20015113。、、、EANET。、、、〔13－18〕。8921200———《TheEuropeanNitrogenAssessment》ENA。27EU27。ENA－cost-benefitanalysisCBANr7．00×1010～3．20×10116．30×1011～2．88×1012。2150～7501350～67501%～4%75%〔19〕。。、、。〔20〕2070。80〔21－35〕〔36－40〕。2090、300〔41－42〕。200440、、、NNDMN〔43〕。2。Gallo-way〔44〕1860120Tg5．4Tg20107Tg5．4Tg。1860〔45－46〕。。。〔43〕37961．8×107t/a60%。。Nr186015Tg2005187TgBNF2〔5〕。Nr。Nr〔47－48〕。20TgNNr。100TgN〔49〕。、〔4749－53〕。〔54〕〔55〕〔56－57〕〔57－59〕〔60－61〕。、〔62〕。N、〔63〕“Ncascade〔4〕”。〔64〕。C、N、S。CO2、SO2、。、70%。SO2〔65－66〕。Guo〔64〕30aP＜0．001H+0．4～2．0kmol·hm－2·a－1。。10～100。———SO2－4NO+3〔67〕。、。3、。、、。〔68〕。3．1、。、。。3．2。2060、。〔69〕。NrNH3、、、、、。、47929〔70－71〕。Hicks〔72〕Vd。〔73－74〕。、Vd。CASTNET。。〔75〕。CEHdenuder〔76〕EMEPDELTAednuderlong-termatmosphericsampling2。。。、、。ABCD1D212、、D3D434EDELTA〔76〕。2DELTA〔77〕Fig．2SchematicdiagramofDELTAsystem〔77〕4。、、、〔78〕。〔79〕NOyPAN〔80〕。。。〔81〕。。〔79〕。Zhang〔82〕2005—200932DON6．84kg28%。5796Neff〔79〕10～50Tg·a－120%～30%。〔83〕。5。2008〔84〕。1〔5985〕。。/。2。。3。〔64〕〔32－33〕。。4、。10aNr。SO2、NOx。FRAME。5。References〔1〕GouldingKWT．Nitrogendepositiontolandfromtheatmosphere〔J〕．SoilUseManage19906261－63．〔2〕CanfieldDEGlazerANFalkowskiPG．Theevolutionandfutureofearth’snitrogencycle〔J〕．Science20103306001192－196．〔3〕VitousekPMAberJDHowarthRWetal．HumanalterationoftheglobalnitrogencycleSourcesandconsequences〔J〕．EcologicalApplications199773737－750．〔4〕GallowayJNAberJDErismanJWetal．Thenitrogencascade〔J〕．Bioscience2003534341－356．〔5〕GallowayJNTownsendARErismanJWetal．TransformationofthenitrogencycleRecenttrendsquestionsandpotentialsolutions〔J〕．Science20083205878889－892．〔6〕KaiserJ．TheotherglobalpollutantNitrogenprovestoughtocurb〔J〕．Science200129455451268－1269．〔7〕DentenerFDrevetJLamarqueJFetal．Nitrogenandsulfurdep-ositiononregionalandglobalscalesAmultimodelevaluation〔J〕．GlobalBiogeochemicalCycles200620GB4003doi10．1029/2005GB002672．〔8〕GallowayJNDentenerFJCaponeDGetal．NitrogencyclesPastpresentandfuture〔J〕．Biogeochemistry2004702153－226．〔9〕WangSXingJJangCetal．Impactassessmentofammoniaemis-sionsoninorganicaerosolsinEastChinausingresponsesurfacemodelingtechnique〔J〕．EnvironmentalScience＆Technology2011doi．org/10．1021/es2022347．〔10〕VanEgmondKBresserTBouwmanL．TheEuropeannitrogencase〔J〕．Ambio200231272－78．〔11〕BrunekreefBHolgateST．Airpollutionandhealth〔J〕．TheLan-cet200236093411233－1242．〔12〕GouldingKWTBaileyNJBradburyNJetal．Nitrogendeposi-tionanditscontributiontonitrogencyclingandassociatedsoilprocesses〔J〕．NewPhytologist1998139149－58．〔13〕DoreAJTheobaldMRKryzaMetal．AirPollutionModelingandItsApplicationXixModellingtheDepositionofReducedNi-trogenatDifferentScalesintheUnitedKingdom〔M〕．NetherlandSpringer2008127－135．〔14〕ApSimonHBarkerBKayinS．Modellingstudiesoftheatmos-phericreleaseandtransportofammoniainanticyclonicepisodes〔J〕．AtmosphericEnvironment1994284665－678．〔15〕HellstenSDragositsUPlaceCJetal．Modellingthespatialdis-tributionofammoniaemissionsintheUK〔J〕．EnvironmentalPol-lution20081543370－379．〔16〕WalkerJSpencePKimbroughSetal．Inferentialmodelestimatesofammoniadrydepositioninthevicinityofaswineproductionfa-cility〔J〕．AtmosphericEnvironment200842143407－3418．〔17〕SakuraiTFujitaSHayamiHetal．Astudyofatmosphericammo-niabymeansofmodelinganalysisintheKantoregionofJapan〔J〕．AtmosphericEnvironment2005392203－210．〔18〕KryzaMDoreAJBlasMetal．Modellingdepositionandaircon-centrationofreducednitrogeninPolandandsensitivitytovariabili-67929tyinannualmeteorology〔J〕．JournalofEnvironmentalManage-ment20119241225－1236．〔19〕BrinkCGrinsvenHVJacobsenBHetal．TheEuropeanNitro-genAssessmentCostsandBenefitsofNitrogenintheEnvironment〔M〕．LondonCambridgeUniversityPress2011513－540．〔20〕．〔J〕．197916181－84．〔LuRukunShiTaojun．Thecon-tentofplantnutrientsofprecipitationinJin-huadistrictofZhejiangProvince〔J〕．ActaPedologicaSinica197916181－84．〕〔21〕．NH3NO2〔J〕．2008451〕165－169．〔ShenJianlinLiuXuejunZhangFusuo．AtmosphericdrydepositionsofammoniaandnitrogendioxidetoagriculturalfieldsinperisuburburbsofBei-jing〔J〕．ActaPedologicaSinica2008451165－169．〕〔22〕ZhangYDoreAJMaLetal．Agriculturalammoniaemissionsin-ventoryandspatialdistributionintheNorthChinaPlain〔J〕．Envi-ronmentalPollution20101582490－501．〔23〕XiaoHYLiuCQ．SourcesofnitrogenandsulfurinwetdepositionatGuiyangSouthwestChina〔J〕．AtmosphericEnvironment200236335121－5130．〔24〕ZhaiSJYangLYHuWP．Observationsofatmosphericnitrogenandphosphorusdepositionduringtheperiodofalgalbloomforma-tioninnorthernlakeTaihuChina〔J〕．EnvironmentalManage-m