第一章词汇及其分类-功能学习导航**英语单词的学习,语音,拼写,意义,分类(词性)及用法(句法功能)**词汇学习注意事项:1、先会读,再去写,对对才能写对;(音形)2、与其背诵一个单词,不如背诵含有该单词的句子;(意)3、只有常读英语文章,学的单词才不会忘;(音形意)4、学会构词法,词汇才能学到家;(音形意)5、学会查词典,能过老师教三遍;6、弄清词性与词形变化。(分类及用法)词性(词的分类):就是分清它是名词、动词还是形容词?词形变化:即:比如说名词,它是可数还是不可数,复数形式如何?如果是动词,规则还是不规则。过去式、过去分词如何变化?**词的分类和用法是词法研究的重点。虽然音形意不是语法研究的范畴,但其重要性绝对不能忽视。词汇是学习英语的基础,有关英语任何方面的学习,均是以掌握足够量的词汇及其用法为前提的。思维导图(略)语法全解**根据单词的意义、语法功能的不同,英语词汇分属不同的类别,用来表示人事物的名称、指代、数量、动作、行为、状态等概念。这些不同的类别构成了不同的分类。**语法功能:名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、介词、连词和感叹词十大类。**意义:实词和虚词。**实词:有实在的意义并在句子中充当句子的成分,包括名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词、**副词六类;虚词没有实在的意义,在句子中不能单独充当句子成分,它包括冠词、介词、连词和感叹词四类。**不同的词类在句子中充当不同的成分,主要有主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语等。英语词汇的分、类英语名称、意义、例词、句法功能如下表:分类词类英语**意义例词主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语同位实词名词n.表人事物或抽象概念√√√√√√√代词Pron.替代名词、数词等√√√√√数词Mum.表数目或顺序√√√√√√形容a.表人事物的特征√√√副词Ad.表时间、地点、程度、动作的特征等主要作状语,修饰形、副、动、整个句子等√动词v.表动作或状态或情态可单独作谓,有时与其他词语构成词组做谓,或与助、情态一起构成谓语√虚词冠词Art.用于名词前,帮助说明名词的意义。(皮毛关系)不能单独作句子成分,一般要和其他词构成词组在句中作成分。冠词加在名前,构成名词词组;介词后接宾语,构成介词短语;连词连接单词、短语或句子;感叹词用于句子之外,来说明说话者的语气介词Prep.用于名、代前,表示该名、代与其他词的关系连词Conj.连接词与词、短语与短语、句与句感叹Int.表说话时的情感或口气分类词类主语谓语宾语表语定语状语补语同位实词名词√√√√√√√代词√√√√√数词√√√√√√形容√√√副词√动词√非谓动词不定时√√√√√√动名词√√√√分词√√√√句子√√√√√√特别提示:英语中有大量的词同时兼有两种或两种以上的词类。如:Watern.水;v.浇水studyv.学习、研究;n.学习、研究;书房Presentn.礼物;v提出;呈现;adj在场的;出席的不同词类的功能:一、名词主语、宾语、定语、表语、补语、状语等»Self-confidenceisthekeytosuccess.()»Itiseveryone’sdutytoobeythetrafficlaws.()»Iamnotawage-earner.Iamaself-employedman.()»Wemadehimpresidentoftheclub.()»Intherice-growingfield,theChinesescientist,YuanLongping,isaleadingfigure.()»Mysister-in-lawworksinashoefactory.()»Iplaybasketballintheplaygroundeverydayafternoon.()二、代词》Hewoulddrownhissadnessincoffee.》Mindyou,thisisjustyouandme.》Don’tusemypen,whynotuseyourpen.》Imyselfmakethemistakeaboutyouraddress.三、数次》Fivefromnineleavesfour.》Wedon’tneedsomanypeople.Wejustneedfive.》Mytelephonenumberis8332256.》Westillhaveonehourleft.》IaminGradetwo,andtheythreearenot.》Yougotothefoodcounterfirst.四、形容词》Heisveryaccessibleandhonest.》Itisatruestory,basedonactualevents.》Thesunsetmakesthemountainvillagemorecharming.五、副词》Naughtyboysareparticularlydifficulttodealwith.》Mr.WanghasbeenlivinginJapanformanyyears,sohespeaksJapaneseveryfluently.》Marysteppedintotheroomquietly,withoutbeingnoticed.》Luckily,shehadgotantherchance.六、动词》Todaysomanypeoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworldcomeandvisittheplaceeveryday.》Janettookcommandofthesituationandgoteveryoneoutofthebuilding.》Youcan’tachieveanythingwithouthardwork.七、虚词》Tomisasuccessfulmanwithagoodfortune.》Thelittlegirloftheirsisanangel.》MerryacquiredaknowledgeoftheEnglishlanguagebycarefulstudy.》Therelationshipbetweenthetwocountrieshasbeenstrengthenedovertheseyears.》Wewalkedandlaugheduntilwecametothestation.》Hurrah!Wewinthegame.》第二章句子成分和分类**八种句子成分+插入语:**句子分两类:表动作(结构:主+谓+宾)、表状态(结构:主+系+表)**按结构分:简单句、并列句()、复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句)**按用途分:陈述句()、疑问句()、祈使句()、感叹句()成分概念位置可充当要素例句主语谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者,是句子所叙述的主体,表示句子所说的是谁或是什么一般句首;倒装句中位于谓语、助动词、情态动词后面名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、句子»Alightwindwokeamongthewoods.»Noonebutyourselfcanhelpyou.»Todrinkacupofwaterinsuchhotweatherisagreatpleasure.»Travelingabroadispopularamongyoungpeople.»Thericharenotalwayshappierthanthepoor.»Generallyspeaking,whatwecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehavegot.»Itisbelievedthatgirlsaregoodatlanguage.谓语说明主语的行为、特征或状态,主语后,有人称、数和时态变化;分简单谓语和复合谓语动词1、简单谓语»Thesunrisesintheeast.»Helookedaftertwoorphans.»Ihavetriedthreetimesinthisway.»Don’tgetoffthebusuntilitcomestoastop.»Tomwouldliketohaveawordwithyou.2、复合谓语»HecanspeakEnglishverywell.»Theworkmustbedonebeforethreeo’clock.»Thisfilmisveryinteresting.»Heseemsunhappy.宾语动作的对象或承受着动词或介词的后面;分为单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语名词、代词、数次、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、句子1、单宾语»Richarddoesnotlikehisjob.»Idon’tknowhim.»--Howmanycomputersdoyouneed?--Ineedfive.»Wedonatemoneyandcottonclothestohelpthehomelessinthefloodedarea.»Monicadecidedtosolvetheproblemonherown.»Theyoungmanriskedlosinghislifetosavethegirl.»Miasaidthatshewouldreturn(comeback)soon.2、双宾语直接宾语(指物)间接宾语(指人)»Theyofferedmethejob.→Theyofferedthejobtome.»Pleasedshowmeyourpassport.→Pleaseshowyourpassporttome.»Coraplayedussomelightmusic.→Coraplayedsomelightmusicforus.3、复合宾语(=宾语+宾语补足语:存在逻辑上的主谓关系)宾补说明宾语的身份或状态»WeallfindJosieagoodgirl.→WeallfindthatJosieisagoodgirl.»Don’tforcesuchalittlegirltolean.»Hemadehimselfknowntothemfirst.»Wemustkeepitasecret.»Pleasemakeyourselfathome.»Pleasekeepthedogout.4、同源宾语指由同源动词的名词作宾语,前面常有不定冠词a(an)和形容词修饰语。liveahappylifedieaworthdeathlaughagoodlaughblowaheavyblowsmileagentlesmilesingasweetsingdreamaterribledreamdieagloriousdeat表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份与连系动词be等构成复合谓语Be/become/get/look/grow/turn/seem名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词(短语)句子»WeareChinese.»Thewinnerisyou.»Thewarwasover.»Juliealwayslookscheerful.»Whowasthefirst.»Heisoutofcondition.»Thisiswhathetoldmeyesterday.»Theyseemtoknowthetruth.»Tyhobbyisplayingthepiano.»Hewasquitesurprisedtoseemehere.»Timeispressing.定语修饰或限定名词或代词的成分,它是名词或代词的修饰语常和名词构成短语,分前置定语和后置定语前置:形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格动名词、分词;后置:形容词、副词、介词短语不定式短语分词短语1、前置定语前置:形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、动名词、分词;»Thisisadifficultproblem.»Thedoctortoldmetoopenmymouthandputoutmytongue.»Grannycutthebirthdaycakeintofivepieces.»Heworksi