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1土木工程的发展现状与未来发展趋势Thepresentsituationandthefuturedevelopmenttendencyofthedevelopmentofcivilengineering土木工程学院土木9班李佳祥[摘要]现代土木工程发展现状可以从以下几个方面论述：土木工程材料，功能要求多样化，城市建设立体化，交通工程快速化，工程设施大型化，随着科技的迅猛发展，土木也面临着各种挑战与机遇，因此，为了跟上时代的步伐，土木工程未来发展趋势也将从几个方面进行：重大工程项目奖陆续兴起；土木工程将向太空、海洋、荒漠开拓；工程材料向轻质，高强，多功能化发展；设计方法精确化，设计工作自动化；信息和智能化技术全面引入土木工程，还有土木工程的可持续发展等等。[abstract]thecurrentsituationofthedevelopmentofmoderncivilengineeringcanbediscussedfromthefollowingaspects:civilengineeringmaterials,functionalrequirementdiversification,three-dimensionalurbanconstruction,trafficengineering,rapidness,large-scaleengineeringfacilities,withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,civilisfacedwithvariouschallengesandopportunities,therefore,inordertokeepupwiththepaceofTheTimes,thefuturedevelopmenttrendofcivilengineering,willfromseveralaspects:majorengineeringprojectprizegraduallyrise;Civilengineeringwillbeintospace,sea,desertdevelopment;Engineeringmaterialstolightweight,highstrength,multi-functionaldevelopment;Designmethodofhigh-precision,automateddesignwork;Informationandintelligenttechnologycomprehensiveintroductionofcivilengineering,andthesustainabledevelopmentofcivilengineeringandsoon.[关键词]土木工程材料发展趋势多功能可持续发展智能化立体化[keywords]developmenttrendofcivilengineeringmaterialsMulti-functionalintelligentthree-dimensionalsustainabledevelopment一、目前土木工程的发展现状First,thepresentsituationofcivilengineering21、在土木工程材料方面，从早期使用的砖、瓦、砂、石、灰、木材到近代使用钢材，水泥，混凝土，直到现代的高强度混凝土（高强度就是增加混凝土的密实性，最常用的方法就是用极细的活性颗粒渗入混凝土，使它们在水泥浆中的细微孔隙中水化，减少和填充混凝土的毛细孔，达到增密和增强的作用。）、高性能混凝土（超高的强度、低渗透性、良好的结构性能、优越的耐久性、可观的经济效益、环保性，有关常规的混凝土物理，力学性能指标亦要根据不同的使用要求而有所提高或改善。）、纤维混凝土（在混凝土加入合成材料纤维丝成钢纤维，是由纤维和水泥基料，如水泥石，砂浆成混凝土，组合的复合材料的统称），纤维混凝土能增强塑性混凝土的抗拉能力，显著降低其塑性流动和收缩微裂纹。这种减少或消除塑性裂纹使混凝土获得其最佳的长期整体性。这些纤维呈各向均匀地分布于整个混凝土，使混凝土得到辅助的加强，以防止收缩裂缝。在随处都有纤维的混凝土中，亦可最大限度地减少在受力状态下混凝土可能出现裂缝的宽度和长度。Intermsofcivilengineeringmaterials,fromtheearlyuseofbrick,tile,sand,stone,wood,ashandmoderntousesteel,cement,concrete,untilthemodernhighstrengthconcrete(highstrengthistoincreasethecompactnessofconcrete,theactivityofthemostcommonlyusedmethodistouseveryfineparticlespenetrateintoconcrete,andmakethemintinyporeinthecementhydration,reducethewoolstomaandfillingconcrete,toincreaseandenhancetheroleof.),highperformanceconcrete(ultrahighstrength,lowpermeability,goodstructuralperformance,superior3durability,considerableeconomicbenefit,environmentalprotection,theconventionalconcretephysicalandmechanicalperformanceindexisalsoaccordingtodifferentapplicationrequirementsandimproveorimprove.),fiberreinforcedconcrete(syntheticfiberstoproducefiberinconcrete,ismadeupoffiberandcementbinders,debrissuchaswater,mortarintoconcrete,thecombinationofthecompositesisageneraldesignation),fiberreinforcedconcretecanenhanceplasticconcretetensileability,significantlyreducetheplasticflowandshrinktinycrack.Toreduceoreliminatetheplasticconcretecracksgetthebestlong-termintegrity.Thesefibersweretoevenlydistributedintheconcrete,theconcreteforthestrengtheningofauxiliary,inordertopreventshrinkagecrack.Infiberconcreteareeverywhere,alsocanminimizethestressstateofconcretemaycrackwidthandlength.绿色建材（绿色建材指在原料采取、产品制造、使用或者再循环以及废料处理等环节中对地球环境负荷最少和有利于人类健康的材料。绿色建材的基本特征是：建材生产尽量少用天然资源，大量使用尾矿、废渣、垃圾等废弃物；采用低能耗，无污染环境的生产技术。）其成果有以粉煤灰、空心砖、以磷石膏，脱硫石膏等等。Greenbuildingmaterials,greenbuildingmaterialsinrawmaterials,productmanufacture,useorrecyclingandwastedisposalintheearth'senvironmentloadatleastandmaterialisconducivetohumanhealth.Thebasiccharacteristicsofgreenbuildingmaterialsare:buildingmaterialsproductionasfaraspossibleuseofnaturalresources,extensiveuseoftailings,slag,garbageandotherwastes;withlowenergyconsumption,pollution-freeproductiontechnologyenvironment.)Theresultswithflyash,hollowbrick,withphosphogypsum,desulfurizationgypsum,etc.42、除了在材料方面要求更高以外，在土木工程功能方面要求更加多样化，城市建设更加立体化，像城市为了解决交通方面问题，光靠传统的地面交通已经无能为力，于是一方面修建地下交通网，另一方面又修建高架公路网或轨道交通，随着地下铁道的兴建，地下商业街、地下停车场、地下仓库、地下工厂、地下旅馆等也陆续发展起来。而高架道路的造价比地下铁道要经济得多，因而大中城市纷纷建设高架公路、高架轨道交通。高架道路与城市立交桥的兴建不仅缓解了城市交通问题，而且还为城市的面积增添了风采。现代化城市建设在地面、空中、地下同时展开，形成了立体化发展的局面。Inadditiontothemoredemandingintermsofmaterial,intheaspectofcivilengineeringfunctionrequiresmorediversified,morethree-dimensionalurbanconstruction,likethecityinordertosolvethetrafficproblems,onthegroundofthetraditionaltraffichasbeenpowerless,andsoontheonehand,tobuildundergroundtransportationnetwork,buildingofroadorrailtransitagainontheotherhand,withtheconstructionoftheundergroundrailroad,theundergroundmall,undergroundparking,undergroundwarehouse,factory,undergroundhoteletcwereestablished.Andelevatedroadcostmuchmorethantheundergroundeconomy,andlargeandmedium-sizedcitieshaveelevatedroadandelevatedrailtransitconstruction.Elevatedroadandtheconstructionofthecityoverpassnotonlyalleviatetheurbantrafficproblem,butalsoaddedstylefortheareaofthecity.Modernurbanconstructionatthesametimeintheair,groundandunderground,formedthesituationofthedevelopmentofthree-dimensional.3、同时工程设施大型化，即为了满足能源、交通、环保、及大众公共活动的需要，许多大型的土木工在第二次世界打大战以后陆续建成并投入使用。（如在拱桥方面，南斯拉夫克二号混凝土拱桥跨度达390m，中国黄河的江界河混凝土拱桥跨度330m，在隧道方面，近代开凿了许多穿过大山或越过大江、海峡的通道。在高层建筑方面有上海金茂大厦，上海环球金融中心大厦，还有海上采