1初中英语语法·非谓语动词现在分词的用法1.分词的定义现在分词是由动词+ing构成的。现在分词具有动词、形容词或副词的特性,可以带自己的宾语或受状语修饰,现在分词和自己的宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。2.现在分词的语法作用;现在分词在句中可以作表语、定语、补足语和状语。一、作表语:现在分词作表语,一般表主动或主语的性质和特征,主语多数情况下是物,一般跟在联系动词be,get,become,look,sound,feel,keep,remain,grow,seem,appear等词后,Hisspeechisexciting.他的演讲令人兴奋。Thisstoryisveryinteresting.这个故事很有趣。Thenewssoundsencouraging.这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。而作表语用的现在分词,已经完全变成了形容词,常见的现在分词如下:moving,interesting,encouraging,exciting,inspiring,boring,surprising,puzzling,amusing,astonishing,missing,promising等,这些词可以放在系动词后做表语。二、作定语:现在分词做定语,表示中心词是该动词的动作发出者,此时的现在分词充当形容词的作用,用来修饰中心词。单个分词作定语时放在中心词前面,分词短语作定语时放在中心词后面。Weseetherisingsuneverymorning.每天早晨我们都可以看到东升的旭日。Chinaisadevelopingcountry.中国是个发展中国家。therulingclass统治阶级,theexploitingclass剥削阶级。Unknownflyingobject.不明飞行物。Pleasewakeupthatsleepingboy.请叫醒那个睡觉的小孩。Thegirlsittingnexttohimishissister.坐他旁边的那女孩是他姐姐。I'mwaitingforthetrainleavingforBeijing.我正在等开往北京的火车。ThemanstandingthereisTom.站在那儿的人是汤姆。Didyouseethegirldancingwithyourbrother?2Welivedinaroomfacingthesouth.三、作宾语补足语或主语补足语。现在分词在主动语态句子中作宾语补足语(在被动语态句子中就是主补)。A、在感官动词feel,hear,notice,observe,find,see,smell,watch等之后作宾补或主补。如:Iheardmysistersingingthatsong.(宾补)我听到妹妹在唱歌。Mysisterwasheardsingingthatsongoutside.(主补)有人听到我妹妹在外面唱歌。IfoundJohnreadingthatbook.(宾补)我发现他正读那本书。Johnwasfoundreadingthatbook.(主补)有人看见他读那本书。Wefoundhimwaitingtoreceiveus.(宾语补足语)我们发现他等着欢迎我们。Hesawpeoplecomingandgoing.(宾补)Peoplewereseencomingandgoing.(主补)B、在使役动词get,have,bring(致使),keep(使),leave(使),set(使开始)等之后作宾补或主补。如:Theykeptmewaitingforalongtime.Iwon’thaveyoushoutingatmetheway.我不容许你这样对我喊叫。Thechildrenkeptthefireburningallthetime.孩子使火一直燃烧着。C、在其他动词catch,detect,discover,want等之后作宾补或主补。如:Themanagercaughtmesmokingintheofficeagain.经理又抓住我在办公室抽烟了。Wedon’twantyoubecomingtooconfident.我不希望你变得太自信。四、作状语:现在分词作状语成分,可以置于句子主体之前或之后。A:一般来说,表示原因、时间、条件、让步等意义的状语成分多置于句子主体之前,用逗号和主体部分隔开,通常可以转化成相应的状语从句。1、表示时间,可以转化成时间状语从句:Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.在街上走路时,我看见了他=WhenIwaswalkinginthestreet,Isawhim.Hearingthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.听到这个好消息,他高兴地跳起来=Whenheheardthisgoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.2、表条件,可以转化成条件状语从句:Workinghard,youwillsucceed.只要努力,你就能取得成功3=Ifyouworkhard,youcansucceed.Buyingthisclothes,youcangetthatT-shirtforfree.买了这衣服,你就能免费得到那T恤=Ifyoubuythisclothes,youcangetthatT-shirtforfree.3、表原因,可以转化成原因状语从句Beingill,shedidnotgotoschoolyesterday.生病了,所以昨天没去学校=Becauseshewasill,shedidnotgotoschoolyesterday.HavingLeftthekeyathome,hecouldnotenterhisoffice.钥匙落在家了,他进不了办公室=Becausehehadleftthekeyathome,hecouldnotenterhisoffice.4、表让步,可以转化成让步状语从句Havingfailedmanytimes,hedidnotlostheart.失败过多次,他仍然不灰心=Thoughhehadfailedmanytimes,hedidnotloseheart.Consideringforsolongatime,hehadnoideaaboutit.考虑了这么久,他也没有弄明白=Thoughheconsideredforsolongatime,hehadnoideaaboutit.B:表示结果、方式、伴随等意义的状语成分多置于句子主体之后,可用也可不用逗号与主体部分隔开。1、表结果Hisfatherdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.他父亲去世了,给他留下了一大笔钱)Hefelloffhisbike,breakinghislegs.他从自行车上摔下,摔断了腿)2、表方式Pleaseanswerthequestionusinganotherway.请用另一种方式回答这个问题)Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing他们又唱又笑地走进教室=Theysangandlaughed;theycameintotheclassroom.3、表伴随Hesatinthearmchair,readinganewspaper.他坐在扶手椅里读报)Hewasawake,thinkingoftheproblem.他睡不着,思考着那个问题)注意:现在分词作状语,分词的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)必须要与句中主体部分的主语保持一致。如果逻辑上不能做到一致,必须在分词引导的状语成分中带出分词自身的主语。这种结构就叫做独立主格结构。试比较:Walkinginthestreet,Isawhim.我在街上走路时,我看见了他4Hewalkinginthestreet,Isawhim.他在街上走路时,我看见了他Hewalkinginthestreet(独立主格结构)Hestoodthere,hisheadleaningonthetree.他站在那儿,头靠着树。C、独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用也是充当一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:1)表示时间Themeetingbeingover,allofuswenthome.开完会后我们都回家了。2)表示条件Theconditionpermitting,hemaysucceed.若条件有利,他或许能成功。3)表示原因Therebeingnotaxis,wehadtowalk.没有出租车,我们只好步行。4)表示伴随Metalsaregoodconductors,silverbeingthebestofall.金属是良导体,而银是最好的。五、作独立成分:有些含有分词的固定插入语,其逻辑主语不要求与主语一致。如:accordingto根据;judgingfrom(从….来判断);generally(frankly/exactly)speaking一般地(坦率地/确切地)说;considering(考虑到)……;talkingof(说到)….;supposingthat(假使)….;seeingthat(鉴于)…..等。如:Consideringhishealth,hewasmadetostayathome。考虑到他的健康原因,我们让他在家。Generallyspeaking,boyslikesportsmorethangirlsdo.一般来说,男孩子比女孩子更喜欢体育。Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface,heisunhappy.从他脸上的表情来看,他不大开心。Accordingtothelaw,everypersonhasthefreedomtospeech.根据法律,任何人均有言论的自由。5现在分词练习1.____suchagoodchance,heplannedtolearnmore.A)TobegivenC)HavinggivenB)HavingbeengivenD)Giving2.Soon,Americanshope,therainswillreturnandeasethehardship_______U.S.farmers.A)facedB)facesC)facingD)toface3.____formanyyears,thewritersuddenlybecamefamous.A)HavingignoredhimB)TobeignoredC)TohavebeenignoredD)Havingbeenignored4._______withthepicture,Marytoreittopieces.A)DissatisfyingthoroughlyB)BeingthoroughlydissatisfiedC)TodissatisfythoroughlyD)Tobethoroughlydissatisfied5.Thechildrenwenttheretowatchtheirontower_.A)toerectB)beerectedC)erectingD)beingerected6.Computerworksveryfast,____dataatthespeedoflight.A)havinghandledB)handlingC)handledD)handles7.While_______thesun,thesatellitehassentmorethanfourbillionbitsofinformationbacktoearth.A)havingorbitedB)beingorbitedC)havingbeenorbitedD)orbiting8.Thisprogrammerwillexaminethewriter’sbooksindetail,_______anintroductiontoherlife.A)followingC)beingfollowedB)havingfollowedD)tobefollowed9