第七章卤代烃相转移催化反应邻基效应(一)写出下列分子式所代表的所有同分异构体,并用系统命名法命名。(1)C5H11Cl(并指出1°,2°,3°卤代烷)(2)C4H8Br2(3)C8H10Cl解:(1)C5H11Cl共有8个同分异构体:1-氯戊烷CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2ClCH3CH2CH2CHCH3Cl2-氯戊烷CH3CH2CHCH2CH3ClCH3CHCH2CH2ClCH3CH3CHCHCH3CH3ClCH3CCH2CH3CH3ClCH3CH2CHCH2ClCH3CH3CCH2ClCH3CH33-氯戊烷3-甲基-1-氯丁烷3-甲基-2-氯丁烷2-甲基-2-氯丁烷2-甲基-1-氯丁烷2,2-二甲基-1-氯丙烷o(1)o(1)o(1)o(1)o(2)o(2)o(2)o(3)(2)C4H8Br2共有9个同分异构体:CH3CH2CH2CHBr2CH3CH2CHCH2BrBrCH3CHCH2CH2BrBrBrCH2CH2CH2CH2BrCH3CH2CCH3BrBrCH3CHCHCH3BrBr(CH3)2CCH2BrBr(CH3)2CHCHBr2BrCH2CHCH2BrCH31,1-二溴丁烷1,2-二溴丁烷1,3-二溴丁烷1,4-二溴丁烷2,2-二溴丁烷2,3-二溴丁烷2-甲基-1,2-二溴丙烷2-甲基-1,1-二溴丙烷2-甲基-1,3-二溴丙烷(3)C8H10Cl共有14个同分异构体:1-苯-2-氯乙烷1-苯-1-氯乙烷CH2CH2ClCHCH3ClCH3CH2ClCH3CH2ClCH3CH2Clo-甲基苯氯甲烷m-甲基苯氯甲烷p-甲基苯氯甲烷CH2CH3ClCH3CH3ClCH2CH3ClCH2CH3ClCH3CH3Clp-氯乙苯o-氯乙苯m-氯乙苯3-氯-1,2-二甲苯4-氯-1,2-二甲苯CH3CH3ClCH3CH3ClCH3CH3ClCH3CH3Cl5-氯-1,3-二甲苯2-氯-1,3-二甲苯4-氯-1,3-二甲苯2-氯-1,4-二甲苯(二)用系统命名法命名下列化合物。(1)CCHClHBrCH3CH3(2S,3S)-2-氯-3-溴丁烷(2)BrCH2Cl顺-1-氯甲基-2-溴环己烷(3)BrCH2C=CHClBr1-氯-2,3-二溴丙烯(4)ClCH2Br1-溴甲基-2-氯环戊烯(5)CH2ClCH3Cl2-甲基-4-氯苯氯甲烷(6)CHCHCH3CH3Br2-苯-3-溴丁烷(三)1,2-二氯乙烯的(Z)-和(E)-异构体,哪一个熔点较高?哪一个沸点较高?为什么?解:熔点:C=CClClHHC=CClHClH沸点:C=CClClHHC=CClHClH原因:顺式异构体具有弱极性,分子间偶极-偶极相互作用力增加,故沸点高;而反式异构体比顺式异构体分子的对称性好,它在晶格中的排列比顺式异构体紧密,故熔点较高。(四)比较下列各组化合物的偶极矩大小。(1)(C)(A)C2H5Cl(B)CH2CHClCCl2CCl2CHCCl(D)(2)(C)(A)(B)CH3ClCH3ClCH3Cl解:(1)(A)>(B)>(D)>(C)(C)为对称烯烃,偶极矩为0(2)(B)>(C)>(A)。(五)写出1-溴丁烷与下列化合物反应所得到的主要有机物。(1)NaOH水溶液(2)KOH醇溶液(3)Mg,纯醚(4)(3)的产物+D2O(5)(6)(CH3)2CuLi(7)CH3CCNa(8)(9)C2H5ONa,C2H5OH(10)NaCN(11)AgNO3,C2H5OH(12)CH3COOAgNaI(丙酮溶液)CH3NH2解:(1)(3)(5)(7)(9)(11)OHCH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2MgBrIOC2H5CH3CH2CHCH2DNHCH3CNCH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CCCH3(2)(4)(6)(8)(10)(12)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2+AgBrCH3(CH2)3ONO2+AgBrCH3(CH2)3OOCCH3(六)完成下列反应式:解:红色括号中为各小题所要求填充的内容。(1)CH3CCH2ICH3CH3CH3CCH2CH3CH3OCCH3OCH3CCH2OCCH3CH3CH3OCH3COOAg+(主要产物)(次要产物)(2)BrBrNaI丙酮IBr(3)BrHCH3HCHH3CH3HCHH3NaCNDMFHCNCH3HCHH3+(主要产物)(次要产物)(4)DHCH3HHBrNaOC2H5C2H5OHCH3H(5)(R)-CH3CHBrCH2CH3CH3O-(S)-CH3CHCH2CH3OCH3(6)HOCH2CH2CH2CH2ClNaOHH2OO(7)(S)BrCH3HCOOC2H5CN-CH3CNH(S)COOC2H5解释:(S)CBrCH3CHC2H5OOCNCCOOC2H5CH3HSN2CN-CBrCOOC2H5CH3HNC#(S)(8)CH3CH2CH2BrNH3NaNH2CH3CH2CH2NH2CH3CH=CH2(9)CH3(CH2)2CHCH3BrNaOHCH3CH2CH=CHCH3+CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2+CH3CH2CH2CHCH3OH(10)BrFMg纯醚MgBrF(11)CH2INaCNCH2CN(12)PhHPhLiCH3(CH2)3Li(13)CH3BrIHCCNaCl2hCH2ClBrICH2BrICCH(A)(B)HgSO4dilH2SO4CH2BrICCH3O(C)(14)CH2CH3ClCHCH3ClBrCH=CH2ClBr2hNaOHC2H5OH(A)(B)CH2CH2CNClCH2CH2BrClHBr过氧化物NaCN(C)(D)(15)ClClNO2OCH3ClNO2OCH3ClNO2BrBr2FeCH3ONaCH3OH(A)(B)(16)CH2ClClCH2MgClClCH2CH2PhClCH3Cl+HCCMgClMg纯醚PhCH2ClHCCH(A)(B)(C)(D)(七)在下列每一对反应中,预测哪一个更快,为什么?(1)(CH3)2CHCH2Cl+SH-(CH3)2CHCH2SH+Cl-(CH3)2CHCH2I+SH-(CH3)2CHCH2SH+I-(A)(B)解:B>A。I-的离去能力大于Cl-。(2)(A)(B)CH3CH2CHCH2Br+CN-CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CN+Br-CH3CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br+CN-CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CN+Br-解:B>A。CH3CH2CHCH2BrCH3中β-C上空间障碍大,反应速度慢。(3)CH3CH=CHCH2Cl+H2OCH3CH=CHCH2OH+HClCH2=CHCH2CH2Cl+H2OCH2=CHCH2CH2OH+HCl(A)(B)解:A>B。C+稳定性:CH3CH=CHCH2+>CH2=CHCH2CH2+(4)(A)CH3CH2OCH2Cl+CH3COOAgCH3COOCH2OCH2CH3CH3COOHAgCl+(B)CH3OCH2CH2ClCH3COOCH2CH2OCH3+CH3COOAgCH3COOHAgCl+解:A>B。反应A的C+具有特殊的稳定性:CH3CH2OCH2CH3CH2OCH2(5)(A)(B)CH3CH2CH2Br+NaSHCH3CH2CH2SH+NaBrCH3CH2CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2CH2OH+NaBr解:A>B。亲核性:SH->OH-。(6)(A)CH3CH2I+SH-CH3CH2SH+I-CH3OH(B)CH3CH2I+SH-CH3CH2SH+I-DMF解:B>A。极性非质子溶剂有利于SN2。(P263)(八)将下列各组化合物按照对指定试剂的反映活性从大到小排列成序。(1)在2%AgNO3-乙醇溶液中反应:(A)1-溴丁烷(B)1-氯丁烷(C)1-碘丁烷(C)>(A)>(B)(2)在NaI-丙酮溶液中反应:(A)3-溴丙烯(B)溴乙烯(C)1-溴乙烷(D)2-溴丁烷(A)>(C)>(D)>(B)(3)在KOH-醇溶液中反应:(A)(B)CH3CBrCH3CH2CH3CH3CHCH3CHCH3BrCH3CHCH2CH2BrCH3(C)(A)>(B)>(C)(九)用化学方法区别下列化合物(1)CH2=CHCl,CH3CCH,CH3CH2CH2Br解CH2=CHClCH3CCHCH3CH2CH2BrCuCl/NH3xxAgNO3AgBr(浅黄色沉淀)xCH3CCCu(砖红色沉淀)/醇(2)CH3CHCH=CHCl,CH3CH3C=CHCH2Cl,CH3CH3CHCH2CH3Cl解:CH3CHCH=CHClCH3CH3C=CHCH2ClCH3CH3CHCH2CH3ClAgNO3/醇立刻出现白色沉淀放置片刻出现白色沉淀不出现白色沉淀(3)(A)Cl(B)Cl(C)Cl解:(A)(B)(C)AgClAgClAgClAgNO3C2H5OH加热出现沉淀立刻出现沉淀放置片刻出现沉淀(4)1-氯丁烷,1-碘丁烷,己烷,环己烯解:1-碘丁烷己烷1-氯丁烷褪色者:己烷不褪色者:环己烯环己烯AgNO3/醇AgCl(白)AgBr(淡黄)xxBr2/CCl4(5)(A)2-氯丙烯(B)3-氯丙烯(C)苄基氯(D)间氯甲苯(E)氯代环己烷解:CH2=CH(Cl)CH3CH2=CHCH2ClC6H5CH2Clm-CH3C6H4ClC6H13ClBr2CCl4AgNO3C2H5OH褪色不褪色褪色不褪色不褪色AgNO3C2H5OHAgClAgClAgClxx(快)(慢)(十)完成下列转变[(2)、(3)题的其它有机原料可任选]:(1)CH3CHCH3BrCH2CHCH2ClClCl解:CCl4Cl2KOH醇Cl2高温CH3CHCH3BrCH2CHCH2ClClClCH3CH=CH2CH2CH=CH2Cl(2)CH3CH3C=CH2CH3解:H3CBr2FeH3CBrMg纯醚H3CMgBr(1)(CH3)2C=O(2)H2O/H+CH3C=CH2CH3CH3CCH3CH3OHH2SO4或:H3CCH3C=CH2CH3Br2FeCH2=CCH32CuLiH3CBr(3)CH3CH=CH2CH2CH=CH2解:CH3CH=CH2CH2CH=CH2CH2CH=CH2BrNBShMgBr(4)CHCHC2H5CCCH=CH2解:Na液NH32CHCHCuCl-NH4ClCHCCH=CH2NaCCCH=CH2CH3CH2BrC2H5CCCH=CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3CH2BrH2lindlarHBr(5)CHCHCCOHH5C2C2H5H解:2CH3CH2Br2Na液NH3Na/液NH3CHCHNaCCNaC2H5CCC2H5CCOHH5C2C2H5HC=CHHC2H5C2H5CF3CO3H(6)CH2DCH3解:CH2DCH3D2OHClCH3MgClCH3ClMg纯醚(十一)在下列各组化合物中,选择能满足各题具体要求者,并说明理由。(1)下列哪一个化合物与KOH醇溶液反应,释放出F-?(A)CH2NO2F(B)CH3FO2N解:(B)。-NO2的吸电子共轭效应使对位氟的活性大增。(2)下列哪一个化合物在乙醇水溶液中放置,能形成酸性溶液?(A)C(CH3)2Br(B)(CH3)2CHBr解:(A)。苄基型C-X键活性远远大于苯基型(苄基型C+具有特殊的稳定性)。(3)下列哪一个与KNH2在液氨中反应,生成两种产物?(A)CH3BrCH3(B)CH3CH3Br(C)BrCH3CH3解:(B)。CH3CH3BrHHKNH2CH3CH3CH3CH3+(I)(II)(-HBr)CH3CH3CH3CH3H2N+CH3CH3H2NNH2-液NH3CH3CH3H2N+CH3CH3H2NNH2-液NH3CH3CH3CH3CH3H2NCH3CH3H2N+(十二)由1-溴丙烷制备下列化合物:(1)异丙醇解:KOH醇H2SO4H2OCH3CHCH3OH