中国交通基础设施发展的经验TheExperienceonDevelopingChina’sTransportInfrastructure郭小碚GuoXiaobei国家发展改革委综合运输研究所InstituteofComprehensiveTransportation,NDRC2主要内容Outline1.中国交通运输的发展TransportationDevelopmentinChina2.成功的经验:开放与筹资SuccessfulExperiences:Opening-upandMulti-modeFinancing3.主要措施选择:制度与政策MajorMeasures:InstitutionandPolicy3一、中国交通运输的发展A.TransportationDevelopmentinChina中国改革开放以来,交通运输业加快建设,保证了社会经济的快速发展Sincethereformandopening-up,Chinahasacceleratedtheconstructionoftransportinfrastructure,whichsupportedtherapideconomicgrowth4中国交通运输的发展TransportationDevelopmentinChina2007年与1978年相比Compare2007with1978•全社会旅客运输量21530亿人公里,增长11倍PassengerTransportationreached2153billionPassenger-Km,increasedby11times•全社会完成货物运输量99181亿吨公里,增长9倍FreightTransportationreached9918.1billionTon-Km,increasedby9times5交通基础设施发展TransportInfrastructureDevelopment•建国59年,内陆交通网里程从21万公里增加到485万公里,增长25倍By2007,thetotallengthofinlandtransportationnetworkhasincreasedfrom0.21millionkmin1949to4.85millionkm,increasedby25times6交通基础设施发展TransportatInfrastructureDevelopment•前30年,内陆交通网增长5.5倍From1949to1979,first30yearsafterthefoundingofPRC,thelengthoftheinlandtransportationnetworkincreasedby5.5times•改革开放29年,内陆交通网增长3.1倍Duringthepast29yearsofopeningandreform,thelengthoftheinlandtransportnetworkincreasedbyanother3.1times7LengthofTransportationRoutes0.210.750.871.171.552.614.8501234561950196019701980199020002006Mil.kmTotalLand8AverageAnnualGrowthRate051015201950196019701980199020002006%TotalLand9交通运输业投资增加IncreasedInvestmentinTransportation•80年代中期开始到上世纪末,经过约15年的大规模交通基础设施建设,初步改变了交通运输的紧张状况Frommid-1980stotheendoflastcentury,15years'oflargescaleinfrastructureconstructionhaspreliminarilyeasedthetransportcapacityconstrain10交通运输业投资增加IncreasedInvestmentinTransportation•进入21世纪,持续了大规模交通基础设施建设的势头Enteringthe21stcentury,thelargescaletransportinfrastructureconstructioncontinued11InvestmentinFixedAssets(1990-2006)02004006008001000120019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006Bil.yuan,RMB12投资增长:2007年交通运输业固定资产投资12844亿元,是1978年的19倍InvestmentinFixedAssetsis1284billion(RMB)in2007,19timesthesizeoftheyear197802004006008001000Bil.Yuan,RMBInvestmentinTransportationInvestment8.0222.6533.37230.65552.21886.0419781985199019952000200513二、成功的经验-开放与筹资B.SuccessfulExperiences:Opening-upandMulti-ModeFinancing•约25年时间,中国交通运输供给能力增加了10倍以上。最重要的经验是以改革为动力,实施了:Inabout25years,China’stransportcapacityincreasedbyover10times.Themostimportantexperienceistousereformasanimpetusto:14成功的经验-开放与筹资SuccessfulExperiences:Opening-upandMulti-modeFinancing——按照社会主义市场经济的理论,开放了交通基础设施建设与经营市场Openthemarketsoftransportinfrastructureconstructionandoperationaccordingtothesocialistmarketeconomymechanism——实施了多元化筹资途径,保证了交通施建设需求Usediversifiedfinancingchannelstomeetinfrastructureconstructionneeds15三、主要措施C.MajorMeasures•改革管理制度——政企分开,破除垄断;政府下放权力、企业自行决策;实行多元化建设机制Reformadministrationsystem——separategovernmentadministrationfromenterprise’smanagement,breakmonopoly;decentralizegovernment’spowertoletenterprisemaketheirowndecision;applyanmulti-modeconstructionmechanism16主要措施MajorMeasures•开放的政策——开放市场、保障利益、实行竞争,实行多元化投资体制Theopeningpolicy——openmarket,ensurerightsandinterests,encouragecompetition,applyadiversifiedinvestmentsystem171.放松管制Ⅰ.Deregulate(1)从中央开始下放管理权限,发挥各部门、各单位和个人的积极性Decentralizecentralgovernment’sadministrationauthority,letagencies,enterprisesandindividualstakeinitiatives•转变政府职能,实行全行业管理Transformgovernmentfunctions,implementgeneralsectormanagement18放松管制Deregulate•打破垄断,除铁路外其他运输方式基本上都形成了竞争态势Breakmonopoly,competitionhasbeenintroducedtoallmodesoftransportationexceptrailway•改革运价形成机制,政府逐步放开运价,实行政府调控下的市场浮动Reformthepricingmechanismoftransportationtariffs,governmentgraduallyderegulatestransportationtariffs,implementmarketpricingundergovernmentguidance19放松管制Deregulate•铁路1986年实行投入产出、以路建路经济承包责任制In1986,railwaysectorstartedtoapplyinput-outputmeasurement,userevenuefromrailwayoperationtobuildnewrailways,andestablishcontractresponsibilitysystem•民航机场于2002年开始实行属地化管理Civilianairportstartedtoimplementlocalizedmanagementin200220放松管制Deregulate•港口在80年代中期实行“交通部与地方双重领导,地方管理为主”;2001年实行属地化管理Inthemid-80s,dualleadershipinportauthority–MinistryofCommunicationsandlocalauthority,withlocalauthoritytakingtheleadinportmanagement”;Startingfrom2001,implementedlocalizedmanagement21放松管制Deregulate(2)实行政企分开,减少行政管制,依靠市场力量进行建设Separategovernmentadministrationfromenterprise’smanagement,deregulateadministrativecontrol,usemarketmechanism•从80年代中开始,部分公路及港口开始实行企业化建设与经营Frommid-1980s,partoftheroadsandportscommercializedtheirconstructionandoperation22放松管制deregulate•民航于2002年实行了彻底的政企分开,航空公司独立经营Governmentadministrationwasentirelyseparatedfromairlinecompanies’managementin200223放松管制Deregulate(3)各类企业进入市场,自主承担投资与经营决策的责任Enterprisesmaketheirowninvestmentandoperationdecisionsindependentlyinthemarket•80年代初,外资以贷款方式进入了机场项目Inearly1980s,foreigncapitalallowedtofinanceairportproject24放松管制Deregulate•在高速公路建设中,部分外资率先进入Foreigncapitalstookpartintohighwayconstructionatearlierstage.•90年代开始,大量外资投入港口项目From1990s,massiveforeigncapitalsstartedtoinvestinportproject252.开放的政策Ⅱ.OpenPolicy(1)解放思想,重新认识公共品的属性,区分公益性与经营性Distinguish