-1-重点复习①书本18单元P124,125两页(加粗部分那些段落,考定义,复习资料1-2页);②书本21单元P144~145固废处理方法、垃圾焚化,填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段,复习资料**页;③书本23单元P156,第三段,噪声控制室负责尖端的技术,复习资料**页。④书本26单元P169第二部分OperationalProcedures,环境影响评价的步骤,考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。Unit18SourcesandTypesofSolidWastes固体废物的来源和种类Knowledgeofthesourcesandtypesofsolidwastes,alongwithdataonthecompositionandratesofgeneration,isbasictothedesignandoperationofthefunctionalelementsassociatedwiththemanagementofsolidwastes.了解固体废物的来源和种类,以及其数量组成和产生率,是设计和管理相关固体废物的基本运作条件。Sourcesofsolidwastes固体废物的来源Sourcesofsolidwastesare,ingeneral,relatedtolanduseandzoning.固体废物的来源,一般来说,与土地使用和划分有关。Althoughanynumberofsourceclassificationscanbedeveloped,thefollowingcategorieshavebeenfounduseful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展,以下是已被发现有用的分类方法(1)residential,住宅(2)commercial,商业(3)municipal,市政(4)industrial,工业(5)openareas,开放地区(6)treatmentplants,处理厂and(7)agricultural.和农业。Typicalwastegenerationfacilities,activities,orlocationsassociatedwitheachofthesesourcesarepresentedinTable1.典型的废物是发电措施,人类活动,或与这些来源相关的每个地点见表1。Thetypesofwastesgenerated,whicharediscussednext,arealsoidentified.对产生的废物,这是接下去要讨论的种类,也被识别了。Typesofsolidwastes固体废物的种类Thetermsolidwastesisall-inclusiveandencompassesallsources,typesofclassifications,composition,andproperties.固体废物一词是全部包括所有废物的来源,分类,组成类型和属性。Wastesthataredischargedmaybeofsignificantvalueinanothersetting,buttheyareoflittleornovaluetothepossessorwhowantstodisposeofthem.被丢弃的废物,在另一个环境可能具有重要价值,但是对于愿意处置它们占有者来说,它们很少或者没有价值,Toavoidconfusion,thetermrefuse,oftenusedinterchangeablywiththetermsolidwastes,isnotusedinthistext.为了避免混淆城市垃圾一词,经常使用这个词,代替固体废物,而不是使用本书的。Asabasisforsubsequentdiscussions.作为今后讨论的基础。Itwillbehelpfultodefinethevarioustypesofsolidwastesthataregenerated.这将有助于确定不同类型固体废物的产生。Itisimportanttobeawarethatthedefinitionsofsolidwastetermsandtheclassificationsvarygreatlyintheliterature.重要的是要知道,固体废物的术语的定义和分类在不同的文献中差别很大。Consequently,theuseofpublisheddatarequiresconsiderablecare,judgment,andcommonsense.因此,在公布的数据的使用时需要相当谨慎,判断和常识。Thefollowingdefinitionsareintendedtoserveasaguideandarenotmeanttobearbitraryofpreciseinascientificsense.以下定义的目的是作为一种指导,是不是为了准确任意科学概念。Foodwastes食品废弃物Foodwastesaretheanimal,fruit,orvegetableresiduesresultingfromthehandling,preparation,cooking,andeatingoffoods(alsocalledgarbage).食品废弃物是动物,水果或蔬菜制备,烹饪,和食用的食品残留物的造成的(也称为垃圾)。Themostimportantcharacteristicofthesewastesisthattheyarehighlyputrescibleandwilldecomposerapidly,especiallyinwarmweather.这些废物的最重要特征是他们很容易腐烂,并会迅速分解,特别是在温暖的天气。Often,decompositionwillleadtothedevelopmentofoffensiveodors.通常情况下,分解会导致产生异味。Inmanylocations,theputresciblenatureofthesewasteswillsignificantlyinfluencethedesignandoperationofthesolidwastecollectionsystem.在许多地方,这些废物腐烂的性质将大大影响设计和固体废物收集系统的运作。Inadditiontotheamountsoffoodwastesgeneratedatresidences,considerableamountsaregeneratedatcafeteriasandrestaurants,largeinstitutionalfacilitiessuchashospitalsandprisons,andfacilitiesassociatedwiththemarketingoffoods,includingwholesaleandretailstoresandmarkets.除了在住宅产生的食品废物的数量,还有食堂和餐厅也产生的相当数-2-量食品废物,大型机构的设施如医院和监狱,以及与食品的销售相关设施,包括批发和零售商店和市场。Rubbish家庭垃圾Rubbishconsistsofcombustibleandnoncombustiblesolidwastesofhousehold,institutions,commercialactivities,etc.,excludingfoodwastesorotherhighlyputresciblematerial.家庭垃圾包括可燃和不可燃固体废物,其来自家庭,机构,商业活动等,不包括食品废物或其他高度容易腐烂的材料。Typically,combustiblerubbishconsistsofmaterialssuchaspaper,cardboard,plastics,textiles,rubber,leather,wood,furniture,andgardentrimmings.通常情况下,可燃垃圾,包括材料例如:纸,纸板,塑料,纺织,橡胶,皮革,木材,家具和庭院修剪物。Noncombustiblerubbishconsistsofitemssuchasglass,crockery,tincans,aluminumcans,ferrousandothernonferrousmetals,anddirt.不燃垃圾包括如玻璃,陶器,铁罐,铝罐,黑色金属和有色金属等物品,和泥土。AshesandResidues灰烬和残留物Materialsremainingfromtheburningofwood,coal,coke,andothercombustiblewastesinhomes,stores,institutions,andindustrialandmunicipalfacilitiesforpurposesofheating,cooking,anddisposingofcombustiblewastesarecategorizedasashesandresidues.从木材,煤炭,焦炭,和家庭其他可燃废物燃烧剩下的材料,商店,机关,以及工业和市政设施取暖,做饭,产生的可燃废物处置被归类为灰烬和残留物。Residuesfrompowerplantsnormallyarenotincludedinthiscategory.发电厂的残留物一般不包括在这一类。Ashesandresiduesarenormallycomposedoffine,powderymaterials,cinders,clinkers,andsmallamountsofburnedandpartiallyburnedmaterials.灰烬和残留物通常是由细微的,粉状物料,炉渣,熟料,和少量烧焦的和部分烧毁材料组成。Glass,crockery,andvariousmetalsarealsofoundintheresiduesfrommunicipalincinerators.玻璃,陶器,以及各种金属也从市区焚化炉的残留物中被发现。Demolitionandconstructionwastes拆除和建筑垃圾Wastesfromrazedbuildingsandotherstructuresareclassifiedasdemolitionwastes.建筑物被夷为平地,及其他废物被列为拆除废物。Wastesfromtheconstruction,remodeling,andrepairingofindividualresidences,commercialbuildings,andotherstructuresareclassifiedasconstructionwastes.来自建筑的改造,以及个别住宅,商业楼宇维修,和其他建筑物的废物,被列为建筑废料。Thesewastesareoftenclassifiedasrubbish.这些废物往往列为垃圾。Thequantitiesproducedaredifficulttoestimateandvariableincomposition,butmayincludedirt,stones,concrete,bricks,plaster,lumber,shingles,andplumbing,heating,andelectricalparts.以上垃圾的生产数量很难估计和组成会变化,但是可能包括泥土,石块,水泥,砖块,灰泥,木材,瓦块,管材管件,暖气设备及电气零件。Specialwastes特殊废物wastessuchasstreetsweepings,roadsidelitter,litterfrommunicipallittercontainers,catch-basindebris,deadanimals,andabandonedvehiclesareclassifiedasspecialwastes.例如街头杂物,路边的垃圾,城市垃