北邮跨文化交际实用技能期末复习资料

Unit1AnIntroduction1.Cultureisnotastaticentity.Itisconstantlychangingandevolving.Changesincertainaspectsofculture,especiallyintheareaofbehaviorandcustoms,canoccurrapidly.Changesintheunderlyingvalues,e.g.inwaysoflookingattheworld,tendtobemuchslower.2.Tolargeextent,ouridentityasbothindividualandculturalbeingisshapedthroughcommunication.3.Therearethreebasicaspectstocommunication:ourindividualpersonality,thecultureweoperatein,andthephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundsus.4.Communicationistransactional.(encode-send-receive-decode)5.Generallyspeaking,interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunication.6.Asaphenomenon,interculturalcommunicationhasexistedforthousandsofyears.However,asadiscipline,itshistoryisonlyaboutfiftyyears.7.InterculturalCommunicationasadisciplinefirststartedinU.S.8.Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.9.Althoughculturalstereotype（文化定视）hasitslimitations(over-generalization),itstillcontributestoaperson’sculturalcognition.10.Culturalmistakesaremoreseriousthanlinguisticmistakes.Thelinguisticmistakemeansthatsomeoneisnotfullyexpressinghisorherideawhileculturalmistakescanleadtoseriousmisunderstandingandevenill-feelingbetweenindividuals.11.Althoughtwoculturesmaysharethesameideas,theirmeaningandsignificancemaynotbethesame.12.FALSECultureisinnateassoonasapersonisborn.Scholarspreferthetermsubculturetoco-cultureindescribingaculturewhichexistswithinadominantculture.Intraculturalcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverfromdifferentracesexchangemessages.Unit2DailyVerbalCommunication(I)1.Inrecentyears,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.2.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlesareusedsuchasDoctor,Judge,Governor,Mayor,Professor,NurseandranksinthearmedforceslikeCaptain,Colonel.Thesecanbeusedeithersinglyorwiththeperson’ssurname.3.Unacceptabletopics:Age,Money,Health,Family(1)ItisregardedasimpoliteinWesternculturetoaskapersonhisorherage.Thisisparticularlytrueofwomanwhensheisoverthirty.(2)One’ssalaryisregardedasextremelypersonalandprivateintheWest.Evenwithinfamilies,peopleoftendonotknowtheexactsalaryofotherfamilymembers.4.Ifavisitisbusinessratherthansociallyrelated,theWesternersprefertoarrangethetimeinadvance,andtheyexpectthevisitortocomestraighttothepoint,ratherthangothroughlengthypreliminarychatting.Ifavisitissociallyratherthanbusinessrelated,thesituationismoreflexible,anddependsonindividualpreferences.5.InWesternculture,itiscommonfortheguesttoindulgeinacoupleofminutes’smalltalkwhilepreparingforleaving,6.Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly/7.Don’ttakeoffence-gettingtheformofaddress“wrong”israrelyintendedtobeoffensive.8.Addressingformslike“MissMary”,“Brown”bytheChinesemaybeaformofculturalcompromise.9.“I’msorrytohavewastedyourtime”or“I’msorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime”areusuallyappropriateforthebusinessvisit.10.Americansusetheword“friend”inaverygeneralway.Theycancallbothcasualacquaintancesandclosecompanions“friends”.11.TakingcareofagedparentsisoftenviewedastremendousburdenintheUnitedStates,whereagingandfamilysupportarenothonoredhighly.12.Familystructureandtheirinherentrelationshipsandobligationsareamajorsourceofculturaldifference.13.TraditionalChinese,amongmanyotherAsians,respecttheireldersandfeeladeepsenseofdutytowardthem.Childrenrepaytheirparents’sacrificesbybeingsuccessfulandsupportingtheminoldage.14.Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivialunlesstheygiveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoes,whathisorherresponsibilitiesare.15.FALSEAmericanfriendlinessisalwaysanofferoftruefriendship,whichmeansastronglife-longbondbetweentwopeople.InEnglish-speakingworld,bossesareaddressedbytheirtitleandsurname,orbytheirsurnamepluspartofthenameoftheirorganization.Unit3DailyVerbalCommunication(II)1.SometimestheChinesewayofshowingmodestymaybeconsideredasfishingforcompliments.2Complimentshaveaseriesofsocialfunctions:creatingorreinforcingsolidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment.3.Informalsituations,manycomplimentsinEnglishareusedtoreinforcesolidary,andareoftenconnectedwiththeappreciationofsomethingthathasbeendonetospeaker.4.Ininformalsituations,whilesolidaritycanstillbeachievedthroughcompliments,alargenumberofcomplimentsareusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.5.InAmerica,althoughmanywomendonottaketheinitiativeincomplimentingmen,itiscommonforamantoinformallygiveawomancomplimentsonherlooksorclothing.6.Onthewhole,theChinesecomplimenteachothermuchlessfrequentlythanAmericansdo.Peoplearecautiousaboutdrawingalinebetweencomplimentandflattery-anactwhichisconsideredverylowandmeanamongtheChinesepeople.7.ManyAmericansareconsciousofweight,whereasmanyChineseconsiderrosycheeksasignofgoodhealth.InChinese,losingweightmaymeanthatsomeonehasbecomesickwithoutnoticing.Instead,“You’veputonweight”canbeacomplime