供应链管理12

CHAPTER12ProcurementCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-2FourBuyingSituations•Routineorder•Proceduralproblem•Performanceproblem•PoliticalproblemCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-3Costtrade-offstoBeConsideredbythePurchasingExecutive*Thesavingsassociatedwithvolumebuyinginclude:Lowerper-unitpurchasingpricesLowertransportationcostsLowerwarehousehandlingcostsLowerorder-processingcostsLowerproductionlotquantitycostsLowerstockoutcosts±Thecostsofcarryinginventoryinclude:CapitalcostsassociatedwiththeinventoryinvestmentInventoryservicecosts(insuranceandtaxes)StoragespacecostsInventoryriskcostsCostsavingsassociatedwithvolumebuying*InventorycarryingcostsSource:DouglasM.LambertandJayU.Sterling,“MeasuringPurchasingPerformance,”ProductionandInventoryManagementReview4,no.6(June1984),p.52.ReprintedwithpermissionfromP&IMReview,June1984.Copyright1984byT.D.A.Publications,Inc.,Hollywood,FL.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-4ReducingOrderingCostsResultsinaSmallerEconomicOrderQuantityLowesttotalcosts(EOQ)OrderingcostTotalcostSizeoforderInventorycarryingcostsCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-5SupplierDevelopmentDefinedAsystematicorganizationalefforttocreateandmaintainanetworkofcompetentsuppliersandtoimprovevarioussuppliercapabilitiesthatarenecessaryforthebuyingorganizationtomeetitsincreasingcompetitivechallenges.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-6ObjectivesofSystemsContractsandStocklessPurchasing•Lowerinventorylevels.•Reducethenumberofsuppliers.•Reduceadministrativecostandpaperwork.•Reducethenumberofpurchasesofsmalldollarvalueandrequisitionsthatpurchasershavetohandle.•Providetheopportunityforlargerdollarvolumesofbusinesstosuppliers.•Providefortimelydeliveryofmaterialdirectlytouser.•Standardizepurchaseitemswhenpossible.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-7KeyPerformanceMeasures•Priceeffectiveness•Costsavings•Workload•Administrationandcontrol•Efficiency•Vendorqualityanddelivery•Materialflowcontrol•Regulatory,societal,andenvironmentalmeasures•Procurementplanningandresearch•Competition•Inventory•TransportationCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-8SourcingValueChainSource:MatthewG.AndersonandPaulB.Katz,“StrategicSourcing,”TheInternationalJournalofLogisticsManagement9,no.12(1998),p.7.EvaluateandselectsuppliersProcurematerialsCreateannualplanManagesupplierrelationshipsDeveloprequirements•Itemrequirementsbycategoryacrosstheuserbase•Goalsandpointsoffocusduringthenextyearbycategoryandintotal•Systems,procedures,andskillstosupportstrategyandexecuteefficiently•Strategytoleveragebuyingpowerandminimizetotalcostsbycategory•Targetedsuppliersandnegotiationandcontracting•Performancemetrics,benchmarks,andcontrolstoensureimprovementDevelopsourcingstrategyCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-9TypesofRelationshipsSource:DouglasM.Lambert,MargaretA.Emmelhainz,andJohnT.Gardner,“DevelopingandImplementingSupplyChainPartnerships,”TheInternationalJournalofLogisticsManagement,Volume7,No.2.(1996),p.2.PartnershipsArm’slengthTypeITypeIITypeIIIJointventureVerticalintegrationCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin12-10ThePartneringProcessSource:DouglasM.Lambert,MargaretA.Emmelhainz,andJohnT.Gardner,“DevelopingandImplementingSupplyChainPartnerships,”TheInternationalJournalofLogisticsManagement,Volume7,No.2.(1996).p.4DriversCompellingreasonstopartnerFacilitatorsSupportiveenvironmentalfactorsthatenhancepartnershipgrowthComponentsJointactivitiesandprocessesthatbuildandsustainthepartnershipDriverssetexpectationofoutcomesDecisiontocreateoradjustpartnershipFeedbackto:ComponentsDriversFacilitatorsOutcomesTheextenttowhichperformancemeetsexpectations