交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较□交通规划模型简述□交通规划模型的用处□美国现状和发展方向□国内模型的误区和瓶颈□对国内模型开发的建议交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较-什么是模型?□交通规划模型简述交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较Ourbrainsinterprettheinputfromoursensoryorgansbymakingamodeloftheworld.Whensuchamodelissuccessfulatexplainingevents,wetendtoattributetoit,totheelementsandconceptsthatconstituteit,thequalityofrealityorabsolutetruth.TheGrandDesignbyStephenHawking-霍金的观点Awaytolookattheworld,thereality,thetruth.交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较Allmodelsarewrong,butsomeareuseful.GeorgeBox-现实与模型•Whatisthetruth?•TheGoldfishLawMonza,Italy交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较•Toolsusedtoanalyzealternatives•Anisolatedrepresentationofarealworldcase•Arealitycheckonjudgmentandintuition•Notacrystalball-几家定义交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)地理信息系统2)数据(库)3)计算机/服务器-交通规划模型•分析、预测未来的交通需求•为交通基础设施的发展、建设提供科学依据交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)地理信息系统-运输网络道路网络(州际/州道、区域/当地系统)公交网络(常规地面公交、轻轨系统、城际铁路)-交通分区地块/街区(lots/blocks)人口普查小区(UScensusparcels)交通分析区(TAZ:tripanalysiszone)-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较-道路网络-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较IntercityRail:CoasterLightRail:Trolley/SprinterSurfaceTransitBus:BusRapidTransit-公交网络-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较LandUseallothervaluesSpacedResidentialSingleFamilyResidentialMulti-FamilyResidentialMobileHomesGroupQuartersHotel/MotelHeavyIndustryLighIndustryOtherIndustryAirportsOtherTransportationCommercialOfficeInstitutionalHospitalsMilitaryCollegesEducationRecreationParksAgricultureVacantWaterUnderConstructionMixedUse-交通分区-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较2)数据-道路交通路段等级/车道数/通行能力/长度/限速/观测流量……路口控制形式/左直右车道数/延误或禁行……-社会经济用地类别/数量/……分区人口/就业/……-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)Informational(ID,Name,Orientation,Location,etc.)2)Functional(Classification)3)Utility(numberoflanes,Speed,Time,Cost,Delay)4)Capacity(link/approach/intersectioncapacity)5)Projectphasing(ProjectID,buildingyear,alternatives)6)Trafficcount(StationID,Observedcounts)7)Operational□与道路交通有关的数据-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较7)Operational•GP/HOV/ML(HOT)/Toll•Meteredfreewayon-ramps•HOVingress/egresspoints•Turnprohibition•Reverseroads•Truckprohibited•One-orTwo-waystreets•On-streetparking-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较TrafficSignalAll-wayStopRampMeterTwo-wayStopRailCrossing-交通规划模型交叉口/网络节点交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较□与社会经济有关的数据H–HousingE–EmploymentP–PopulationLand-usesTraveldemandsTransportation-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较□与社会经济有关的数据ExistingFutureHistorical-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较□与社会经济有关的数据ZoneCodeLand-useTypeUnitAmount13101SINGLEFAMILYdu7344104AIRSTRIPacre11.44112RIGHT-OF-WAYacre82.94113COMMUNICATIONORUTILITYacre18.86105FIREORPOLICESTATIONsite16701MILITARYUSEacre79.86806ELEMENTARYSCHOOLsite18001ORCHARDSORVINEYARDacre523.98002INTENSIVEAGRICULTUREacre34.18003FIELDCROPSacre224.99101INACTIVEUSEacre15129.7--------14101SINGLEFAMILYdu34112RIGHT-OF-WAYacre17.44113COMMUNICATIONORUTILITYacre93.66701MILITARYUSEunique6.57604ACTIVEBEACHunique135.19101INACTIVEUSEacre16.6--------Land-UsebyTAZSeries11/Year2030/Land-UseTable-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较3)计算机--硬件/软件(交通规划模型的具体载体)Land-useHighwaynetworkTransitnetworkADT,traveltime,speed,…□toprocessdata▪asinputsthatrepresent▪land-usesand▪transportationsystems□toproduceresults▪asoutputsthatdescribe▪futuretraveldemands-交通规划模型交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)洛杉矶2)武汉市□交通规划模型的用处交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较▪系统的规划、建设和管理-科学决策↔凭经验/拍脑袋▪关键:区域交通规划模型-全局性:避免头痛医头、脚痛医脚-定量化:交通影响分析-多方案:不建/怎么建/何时建□交通规划模型的用处交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较-几个实例□交通规划模型的用处▪2050RTP(RegionalTransportationPlan)▪I-15BRT(BusRapidTransit)▪I-15AFreewayinaFreeway▪I-5NorthCoastCorridor交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)理论□美国现状和发展方向交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较▪四阶段模型(trip-basedmodel)1理论□美国现状和发展方向Land-usebyzoneVolumes&SpeedsTripends(P/A)byzoneTripsfromzonetozoneTripsbymodeTripsbyroute2)TripDistribution3)ModeSplit4)TripAssignment1)TripGenerationZonechoicemodelTrip-endchoicemodelRoutechoicemodelModechoicemodel交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较0)输入土地使用Land-usebyzone321456789交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较1)出行生成Land-usebyzoneTripends(P/A)byzone50048033003100460045807007002200130034003210ProductionAttraction3530330020002130交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较2)出行分布Land-usebyzoneTripends(P/A)byzoneTripsfromzonetozone300130010007003300交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较3)方式划分Land-usebyzoneTripends(P/A)byzoneTripsfromzonetozoneTripsbymode3300AutoTransitWalk/bike286120300110013070130061070207009504001000交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较4)交通分配Land-usebyzoneVolumes&SpeedsTripends(P/A)byzoneTripsfromzonetozoneTripsbymodeTripsbyroute234567981交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较▪四阶段模型总体结构GrowthForecastTrafficAnalysisZonesTransitNetworkHighwayNetworkTripDistributionTripGenerationModeChoicePost-ProcessingTripAssignment3412交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较2实践□美国现状和发展方向交通规划模型:中美理论与实践之比较datainputsgrowthForecastingland-usedatasuchasHH,Emphighwaycodingtraveltime,distance,costonhighwaylinkstransitcodingtransittime,distance,fareontransitroutesfeedbackloophighwayskimmingtime/costbymodeTDZtoTDZAM/PM/OPtransitskimmingtime/farebymodeTAPtoTAPAM/PM/OPutilitycalculationcompositeutilityTDZtoTDZbytravelpurposevehiclefactoringtripdistributionhwyassignmentsecondstagetransitskimminghighwayskimmingmodechoicetrnsttripsbymodeTAPtoTAPAM/PM/OPtransitvolumesontransitroutesAM/PM/OPtransitassignmenthwytripsbymodeTAZtoTAZAM/PM/OPhwyassignmenthighwayvolumesonhighwaylinksAM/PM/OPpostprocessingfirststagetripgeneration