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第四章形容词和副词一、形容词和副词在语法功能上的差别1.形容词的语法功能(1)作定语，修饰名词，位于名词前。(2)作表语，用来补充说明主语的性质、特征、身份、职业、状态等，位于系动词之后。(2)作宾语补足语2.副词的语法功能：(1)作状语，修饰形容词，表示程度。(2)作状语，修饰谓语动词，表示谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、程度等。(3)作表语，用来补充说明主语的状态，位于系动词之后，常见的有in,on,off,away等。3.当句子中有持续性的时间状语如for+时间段，howlong,since时，下列短暂性动词需要变成相对应的副词或形容词：(1)left–beaway(from)(2)die–bedead(3)getup–beup(4)start/begin–beon(5)getback/comeback/goback/return–beback(6)comehere–behere(7)gothere–bethere二、表示否定意义的形容词和副词1.hardly/scarcely/barelyseldomneverlittlefewnonot三、英语中远、长、宽、高、深等的表达方法数字+数词（meters/kilometers/feet/miles）+away/long/wide/high/tall/deep/thick注意：表示距离不能用far四、副词之前的介词省略问题副词home,here,abroad,there,where,upstairs,downstairs之前的介词需要省略五、不定副词somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,六、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1.含义：比较级表示两者之间的比较；最高级表示三者或三者以上的比较2.比较级、最高级的构成：1)单音节单词和大部分的双音节：(1)以“辅音+y”结尾的单词，把y改成i后加-er，-est；(2)以不发音字母e结尾的单词，加-r，-st；(3)以重读的“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母”音节结尾的单词，(4)其他则直接在单词后加-er,est2)多音节单词和以ly结尾的双音节词，则在词前加more,themost3)特殊构成(1)much/many–more–most(2)good/well–better–best(3)bad/badly/ill–worse–worst(4)little–less–least(5)far–farther/further–farthest/furthest(6)old–older/elder–oldest/eldest注意：a.prefer相当于likebetter,因此不与表示比较级的词连用。b.last意为最后的，favorite最喜欢的，本身具有最高级的含义，所以不能与最高级连用。3.比较级的常考结构：(1)more+形容词或副词原级+than比……更……(2)less+形容词或副词原级+than没有/不如……(3)-er+than比……更……(4)as+形容词或副词原形+as和……一样……(5)notas/so+形容词或副词原形+as……没有/不如……4.“越来越……”的表达方法：(1)-erand–er(2)moreandmore+原级5.“越……，就越……”的表达方法：“the+比较级，the+比较级”6.倍数的表达方法：(1)基数词+times+比较级+than…(2)基数词+times+as……as……7.以比较级的结构表示最高级的含义：(1)比较级+thananyother+单数名词(2)比较级+thanalltheother+复数名词(3)比较级+thananyoneelse(4)比较级+thantheothers(5)Nobody/Noone/None/Nothing+谓语+比较级+than(6)主语+never/hardly+谓语+比较级+than8.可修饰比较级的副词有：much,any,even,no,far,alittle,abit,alot9.“尽可能……”的表达方法：as+形容词或副词+aspossible(onecan)(1)asmanyaspossible(2)asmuchaspossible(3)assoonaspossible(4)asoftenaspossible(5)asearlyaspossible(6)asfastaspossible(7)asquicklyaspossible10.as的特殊结构(1)aslongas长达，只要(2)asfaras（距离）远至……；只要；据……(3)asusual像往常一样(4)asever/before像以前(5)thanever/before比以前更……11.最高级的常考结构：(1)the+最高级+of…表示数量范围(2)the+最高级+in…表示空间范围(3)the+最高级+among…表示数量范围.(4)the+最高级+todo…(5)the+最高级+定语从句12.“最……之一”和“第……个最……”的表达方法：(1)oneofthe+最高级+复数名词“最……之一……”(2)the+序数词+最高级+单数名词“第……个最……”1.（济南04）—Howlonghaveyou_____fromtheUSA?—Fortwoweeks.A.comebackB.returnedC.gotbackD.beenback2.（陕西04）Thestudentsaresorrytohearthatthefamoussinger_____forhalfanhour.A.hasleftB.hasgoneC.hasbeenawayD.hasgoneaway3.（常州05）Howlonghaveyou_____yourhometown.A.beenawayfromB.leftC.arrivedinD.comein4.（青海05）He_____ourschoolfortwoweeks.A.leftB.hasleftC.hasbeenawayfrom5.（贵州05）Walk_____,orwe’llbelateforthemeeting.A.slowlyB.slowC.quicklyD.quick6.（重庆05）TheChineseparentsalwaysteachtheirchildrentobe_____toothers.A.carefullyB.friendlyC.lovelyD.morecareful7.（河北05）Write_____andtrynottomakeanymistakes.A.ascarefulaspossibleB.ascarefullyasyoucanC.mostcarefulD.morecareful8.（甘肃05）—Issomeonehurt?—Yes,oneishurt,butnot_____.A.badB.hardC.badlyD.much9.（大连05）Lastweekendmanypeoplewenttotheconcert,_____youngpeople.A.hardlyB.probablyC.mostlyD.really10.（山东06）Hishandbagwasstolenonhiswaybackhome._____,hiskeyswereonhim.A.SurprisinglyB.SadlyC.LuckilyD.Hopefully11.（山东06）MyteacheraskedmeifIwasworriedaboutthetestandIsaid“No”.But_____Iwas.A.reallyB.hardlyC.badlyD.nearly12.（安徽06）Theyalllooked_____attheteacherwhenhetoldthemthegoodnews.A.sadlyB.happilyC.carefullyD.angrily13.（安徽06）Myfatherdoesn’tlikethecolorofthetiebecauseitistoo_____.A.dearB.shortC.thinD.dark14.（临汾06）—Whatdidyourmothertellyoujustnow?—Shetoldmenottorideabike_____.It’stoodangerous.A.carefullyB.slowlyC.quickly15.（宁德06）Tonyisvery_____.Heoftenwritessongs,composes(作曲)andpaints.A.generousB.creativeC.friendlyD.easygoing16.（沈阳06）Idon’tlikeeatingchocolate.Thetasteistoo_____.A.hotB.deliciousC.niceD.sweet17.（昆明06）Talentshowinpublicis_____amongmiddleschoolstudents.A.trendyB.fashionableC.AandBD.outgoing18.（昆明06）—WhatdoyouthinkofthefiveFriendlies(福娃)forthe2008OlympicGames?—Ilovethem.Theyare_____.A.generousB.cuteC.exoticD.personal19.（青海06）Thoughitrained_____,YaoMing’sfansstillwaitedforhimoutsidethehotel.A.stronglyB.heavilyC.hardly20.（云南06）Ronaldo,MrFootball1997,isafootballstar,andheis_____.A.quickandskilfulB.slowandcarefulC.madandthankfulD.quietandbeautiful21.（太原06）—Ithinkshelooksmorebeautifulwithlonghair.—ButIdisagree.Ireallylikeher_____hair.A.curlyB.shortC.black22.（安徽06）—Sorry,Iamlate.—Itdoesn’tmatter.Thefilm_____onforafewminutes.A.hasbeenB.wasC.willbeD.is23.（哈尔滨06）—Howlong_____thefilmKingKong_____?—Forjustseveralminutes.A.did,beginB.has,begunC.has,beenon24.（南宁08）WebelievethatwecanholdtheBeijingOlympicGames_____.A.successfulB.successfullyC.successD.succeed25.（河南09）Thematchwasreallyfantastic,_____whenSmithscoredinthelastminute.A.probablyB.exactlyC.especiallyD.mostly1.（漳州05）Passmemyglasses,Jack.Ican_____readthenewspaperwithoutthem.A.reallyB.ratherC.hardlyD.clearly2.（陕西05）Ihardlyknewanythingaboutit_____youtoldme.A.sinceB.afterC.untilD.when3.（沈阳05）Mr.ZhangspeakssoquietlythatIcan_____hearhim.A.hardlyB.easilyC.nearlyD.really4.（济南05）Sorry,Ican_____hearyoubecauseit’stoonoisyhereintheroom.A.care