交通运输专业英语1

３０ＣＩＰ．２００２７ＩＳＢＮ７１１１１００４０９ⅠⅡ①②ⅢⅣＨ３１ＣＩＰ２００２０４１４４４２２１０００３７１０００ｍｍ×１４００ｍｍＢ５－０１０６８９９３８２１６８３２６６７７－２５２７３０①②４０～５０③④ＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｓＵｎｉｔＯｎｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＡｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅＬｅｓｓｏｎ１ＦｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｓｏｆＡｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅ１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｌＣｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎＥｎｇｉｎｅＰａｒｔＩ７Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ３ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｌＣｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎＥｎｇｉｎｅｐａｒｔⅡ１３Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ４ＴｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎＰａｒｔＩ２０Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ５ＴｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｐａｒｔⅡ２６Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ６ＴｈｅＳｔｅｅｒｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍ３１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ７ＴｈｅＢｒａｋｅｓ３７Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ８ＴｈｅＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＳｙｓｔｅｍ４４ＵｎｉｔＴｗｏＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＬｅｓｓｏｎ９ＴｈｅＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄＡｕｔｏｍｏｔｉｖｅＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ５１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１０ＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＵｓｅａｎｄＬｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ５８Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１１ＲａｗＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＥｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄＦｕｅｌ６７Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１２ＣｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌＶｅｈｉｃｌｅＥｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｉｎＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ７４Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１３ＴｈｅＦｕｔｕｒｅＲｏｌｅｏｆｔｈｅＢｉｃｙｃｌｅ８１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１４ＴｈｅＬｉｇｈｔＲａｉｌＯｐｔｉｏｎ８８ＵｎｉｔＴｈｒｅｅＴｒａｆｆｉｃＳａｆｅｔｙＬｅｓｓｏｎ１５ＴｈｅＭａｉｎＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅＲｏａｄＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ９３Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１６ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓＣｏｍｍｏｎｔｏＡｌｌＲｏａｄＵｓｅｒｓ１００Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１７ＴｈｅＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆＲｏａｄＧｅｏｍｅｔｒｙ１０６Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１８ＦａｃｔｏｒｓＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＶｅｈｉｃｌｅ１１３Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ１９ＴｈｅＢｒａｋｉｎｇＰｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅＲｏｌｅｏｆＢｒａｋｉｎｇｉｎＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｓ１１９Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２０ＷｈａｔＨａｐｐｅｎｓｔｏＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓｉｎＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｓＰａｒｔⅠ１２５Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２１ＷｈａｔＨａｐｐｅｎｓｔｏＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓｉｎＡｃｃｉｄｅｎｔｓｐａｒｔⅡ１３１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２２ＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｖｅＭｅａｓｕｒｅｓ１３７ＵｎｉｔＦｏｕｒＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓｉｎＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔＬｅｓｓｏｎ２３ＳｐｅｅｄＬｉｍｉｔｓ１４３Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２４ＭｏｔｏｒｗａｙＤｒｉｖｉｎｇ１４９Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２５ＶｅｈｉｃｌｅＦｕｅｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ１５５Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２６ＭｏｂｉｌｅＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｉｎＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ１６１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２７ＱｕａｌｉｔｙＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｉｎＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ１６６Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２８ＶｅｈｉｃｌｅＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ１７１Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ２９ＳｏｍｅＣｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｌＲｅｑｕｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ１７７Ｌｅｓｓｏｎ３０ＡｎｎｕａｌＴｅｓｔｉｎｇｏｆＧｏｏｄｓＶｅｈｉｃｌｅｓ１８２Ｖｏｃａｂｕｌａｒｙ１８９２１８ⅤUnitOneStructureofAutomobileLesson1FundamentalsofAutomobileToday’saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:engine,body,chassisandelectricalequipment(Fig.1.1).Fig.1.1Layoutofamodernautomobile1EngineTheengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalledacompression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothetransmission[1].2BodyAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahood,andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengers,and2cargo.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.3ChassisThechassisisanassemblyofthosesystemsthatarethemajoroperatingpartsofavehicle.Thechassisincludesthetransmission,suspension,steering,andbrakesystems(Fig.1.2).Fig.1.2Chassisofacar1differential2rear-axlehousing3frame4steeringwheel5engine6transmission7driveshaft8suspension3.1TransmissionThetransmissionsystemcomprisesclutch,gearbox,propellorshaft,rearaxleanddifferentialandthedrivenroadwheels.ClutchTheclutchortorqueconverterhasthetaskofdisconnectingandconnectingtheengine’spowerfromandtothedrivingwheelsofthevehicle[2].Thisactionmaybemanualorautomatic.GearboxThemainpurposeofthegearboxistoprovideaselectionofgearratiosbetweentheengineanddrivingwheels,sothatthevehiclecanoperatesatisfactorilyunderalldrivingconditions[3].Gearselectionmaybedonemanuallybythedriverorautomaticallybyahydrauliccontrolsystem.PropellorShaftThefunctionofthepropellor(drive)shaftistotransmitthedrivefromthegearboxtotheinputshaftoftherearaxleanddifferentialassembly.Flexiblejoints3allowtherearaxleandwheelstomoveupanddownwithoutaffectingoperation.RearAxleandDifferentialTherearaxleanddifferentialunittransmitstheengine’srotationalpowerthrough90ofrompropshafttoaxleshafttoroadwheels[4].Afurtherfunctionistoalloweachdrivenwheeltoturnatadifferentspeed;essentialwhencorneringbecausetheouterwheelmustturnfurtherthantheinsidewheel.Athirdfunctionistointroduceanothergearratiofortorquemultiplication.3.2SuspensionTheaxlesandwheelsareisolatedfromthechassisbyasuspensionsystem.Thebasicjobofthesuspensionsystemistoabsorbtheshockscausedbyirregularroadsurfacesthatwouldotherwisebetransmittedtothevehicleanditsoccupants,thushelpingtokeepthevehicleonacontrolledandlevelcourse,regardlessofroadconditions[5].3.3SteeringThesteeringsystem,underthecontrolofthedriveratthesteeringwheel,providesthemeansbywhichthefrontwheelsaredirectionallyturned.Thesteeringsystemmaybepowerassistedtoreducetheeffortrequiredtoturnthesteeringwheelandmakethevehicleeasiertomanoeuvre.3.4BrakesThebrakingsystemonavehiclehasthreemainfunctions.Itmustbeabletoreducethespeedofthevehicle,whennecessary;itmustbeabletostopthecarinasshortadistanceaspossible;itmustbeabletoholdthevehiclestationary.Thebrakingactionisachievedasaresultofthefrictiondevelopedbyforcingastationarysurface(thebrakelining)intocontactwitharotatingsurface(thedrumordisc).Eachwheelhasabrakeassembly,ofeitherthedrumtypeorthedisctype,hydraulicallyoperatedwhenthedriverappliesthefootbrakepedal[6].4ElectricalEquipmentandInstrumentationTheelectricalsystemsupplieselectricityfortheignition,horn,lights,heater,andstarter.Theelectricitylevelismaintainedbyachargingcircuit.Thiscircuitconsistsofabattery,andanalternator(orgenerat