第11章承保风险的开始与结束,航次延误,航次改变

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1第十一章承保风险的开始与结束,航次延误,航次改变第8条:运输条文(TransitClause)TransitClause8.8.1SubjecttoClause11below,thisinsuranceattachesfromthetimethesubject-matterinsuredisfirstmovedinthewarehouseorattheplaceofstorage(attheplacenamedinthecontractofinsurance)forthepurposeoftheimmediateloadingintoorontothecarryingvehicleorotherconveyanceforthecommencementoftransit,continuesduringtheordinarycourseoftransitandterminateseither8.8.1除下述第11条另有规定外,本保险责任始于保险标(货物)的首次从(在保险合约注明地点的)仓库或存放地点为开始运送而为立即装入或装上运输车辆或其他运输工具而移动之时,在通常运送过程中连续并且终止于8.1.1oncompletionofunloadingfromthecarryingvehicleorotherconveyanceinoratthefinalwarehouseorplaceofstorageatthedestinationnamedinthecontractofinsurance,8.1.1在保险合约中注明目的地从运输车辆或其他运输工具全部卸到最后仓库或存放地点,8.1.2oncompletionofunloadingfromthecarryingvehicleorotherconveyanceinoratanyotherwarehouseorplaceofstorage,whetherpriortooratthedestinationnamedinthecontractofinsurance,whichtheAssuredortheiremployeeselecttouseeitherforstorageotherthanintheordinarycourseoftransitorforallocationordistribution,or8.1.2在保险合约注明的目的地或之前从运输车辆或其他运输工具全部卸到任何其他仓库或存放地点,其由受保人或其雇员用作通常运送过程以外的存放或分发,或8.1.3whentheAssuredortheiremployeeselecttouseanycarryingvehicleorotherconveyanceoranycontainerforstorageotherthanintheordinarycourseoftransitor8.1.3在受保人或其雇员选择将运输车辆、其他运输工具或集装箱用作通常运送过程以外的存放,或者8.1.4ontheexpiryof60daysaftercompletionofdischargeoversideofthesubject-matterinsuredfromtheoverseavesselatthefinalportofdischarge,2whichevershallfirstoccur.8.1.4保险标的在最后卸港从船舶卸下满60天,以上各项以先发生者为准。8.2If,afterdischargeoversidefromtheoverseavesselatthefinalportofdischarge,butpriortoterminationofthisinsurance,thesubject-matterinsuredistobeforwardedtoadestinationotherthanthattowhichitisinsured,thisinsurance,whilstremainingsubjecttoterminationasprovidedinClauses8.1.1to8.1.4,shallnotextendbeyondthetimethesubject-matterinsuredisfirstmovedforthepurposeofthecommencementoftransittosuchotherdestination.8.2如果在最后卸港从船舶卸下后,但在本保险终止之前,保险标的(货物)被转运到非本保险承保的目的地,本保险,在依然受前述第8.1.1条到第8.1.4条规定的终止所限制的同时,终止于为向此其他目的地转运而首次移动之时。8.3Thisinsuranceshallremaininforce(subjecttoterminationasprovidedforinClauses8.1.1to8.1.4aboveandtotheprovisionsofClause9below)duringdelaybeyondthecontroloftheAssured,anydeviation,forceddischarge,reshipmentortranshipmentandduringanyvariationoftheadventurearisingfromtheexerciseofalibertygrantedtocarriersunderthecontractofcarriage.8.3在受保人不能控制的迟延、任何绕航、强制卸货、重装或转载期间,以及船东或承租人行使根据运输合约赋予的自由权产生的任何航海上的变更期间,本保险继续有效(但须受上述第8.1.1条到第8.1.4条规定的终止和下述第9条规定的制约)。2009年条文相对1982年条文有一定的改变,其中2009年条文的承保期限扩展了,现把1982年条文的本条文作出节录,以便读者比较:“1982–88.8.1Thisinsuranceattachesfromthetimethegoodsleavethewarehouseorplaceofstorageattheplacenamedhereinforthecommencementofthetransit,continuesduringtheordinarycourseoftransitandterminateseither8.1.1ondeliverytotheConsignees'orotherfinalwarehouseorplaceofstorageatthedestinationnamedherein,8.1.2ondeliverytoanyotherwarehouseorplaceofstorage,whetherpriortooratthedestinationnamedherein,whichtheAssuredelecttouseeither8.1.2.1forstorageotherthanintheordinarycourseoftransitor8.1.2.2forallocationordistribution,or8.1.3ontheexpiryof60daysaftercompletionofdischargeoversideofthegoodsherebyinsuredfromtheoverseavesselatthefinalportofdischarge,whichevershallfirstoccur.”。31承保风险的期限:从海上运输伸延到“仓至仓”这是一条很重要的条文去说明保险人承保的期限,而且该条文一向是很具争议的。海上货物运输保险人最早只承保海上运输那段时间的风险,所以以前的劳合社标准S.G.保单只规定从哪一个装港开始(atandfrom)直至在卸港安全从船上卸下并着陆(dischargedandsafelylanded),再加上用小船或驳船把货物运送到远洋船舶的风险(Craftrisks)。正如Byles大法官在LanevNixon(1866)LR1Cp412中所说的:“Thegeneralruleinthelawofinsurance,thatthepolicycoversnotonlythevoyagefromporttoport,butalsothetransitofthegoodstoandfromtheship.”。发展下去是货物保险伸延到整个运输过程,不论是海上还是陆上。这在1906年《英国海上保险法》之Section2(1)是有针对,所以双方可以明示约定把海上风险伸延到陆上的运输,这不会影响该保险在本质上还是海上货物运输保险:SimonIsraelv.Sedgwick(1893)1QB303;Kallis(Manufacturers)Ltdv.SuccessInsuranceLtd(1985)2Lloyd’sRep.8(PC);NamKwongv.ChinaInsce(2002)2Lloyd’sRep591等先例。有关这几个先例的详细介绍参见本章6.3.3段。1906年立法的有关条文是在Section2(1):“Acontractofmarineinsurancemay,byitsexpressterms,orbyusageoftrade,beextendedsoastoprotecttheassuredagainstlossesoninlandwatersoronanylandriskwhichmaybeincidentaltoanyseavoyage.”。这个最初的做法是根据一条“仓库到仓库条文”(WarehousetoWarehouseClause),简称“仓至仓条文”。最早的版本是出现在1912年的协会货物条文,有关的条文是:“Warehouse-to-warehouseClauseIncluding(subjecttothetermsofthePolicy)allriskscoveredbythisPolicyfromshippers’ormanufacturers’warehouseuntilonboardthevessel,duringtransshipmentifany,andfromthevesselwhilstonquayswharvesorinshedsduringtheordinarycourseoftransituntilsafelydepositedinconsignees’orotherwarehouseatdestinationnamedinthepolicy.”。仓至仓条文针对不同的货物品种可以做出相应的调整,反正这是订约自由。以植物油为例,在TradigrainSAv.S.I.A.TSpA(2002)2LLR553先例中,显示了相关的条文承保的风险是从装港油柜直到卸港的油柜,如下:“CoveringinsurancefromLoadportStorageTanksuptoDischargePortStorageTanksorfirstportweightbridge.”。而到了1982年协会货物条文就变成第8条的“运输条文”(TransitClause),保险责任开始是在“从为了开始运送货物而离开仓库或储存地”(Thisinsuranceattachesfromthe4timethegoodsleavethewarehouseorplaceofstorageattheplacenamedhereinforthecommencementofthetransit…),而风险终止的时间就不是在货物从运输的船舶卸下与安全着陆的时候,而是伸延到1982年条文之第8.1.1条~8.1.3条规定的3种情况中最早发生者来作为承保风险期限的终止。而到了2009年协会货物条文,就进一步向两端伸延了一点点,对受保人更有利,也避免了一些争议。有人为了与以前的“仓至仓条文”相区分,将其简称为“从仓库搁板到车后挡板条文”(“froms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