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445Chapter13theCaseStudiesofMaritimePeril(fortrainingpurposesonly)Casenumberone1)ThisisacollisioninSanFranciscoBaybetweenthevesselAandvesselF，bothfullladen.ThemastersofbothshipswerelicensedpilotsforSanFranciscoBaywaters.ThecollisionoccurrednearthecenterspanoftheGoldenGateBridgeintheearlymorninghoursofOctober13，19××.Visibilitywas200yardsandthetidewasflooding，ENE，1.9knot.Shortlyaftermidnight，October13，theVesselFhadcompletedpreparationstodepartRichmond，California.PrimaryandSecondaryradarswereactivatedaswasthegyrocourserecorder.AlsoactivatedwastheVHFradiowhichwassettomonitorchannel16(InternationalDistress)andchannel18Alfa，theHarborAdvisoryRadarStation.By0049theFwasunderway.Themastercalledonchannel18AlfatoinformHarborAdvisorythathehaddepartedRichmondforsea；thenhechangedtheradiochannelselectorfrom18Alfato10–theCompanyterminalchannel.Hisreasonforswitchingtochannel10wastomonitorcommu-nicationsbetweentheCompanyofficeandtheS/SAwhichheknewwasinboundfromEsteroBay.Beginningat0051HarborAdvisory，lackingcapabilityonchannel16，made第13章海难案例分析(只用于训练目的)案例11)这是一起发生在旧金山湾两艘满载船A和船F之间的碰撞。两船的船长均有旧金山湾水域的引航许可。碰撞于某年10月13日早晨发生于金门大桥跨度中心位置。能见度为200码，涨潮流，流向东北偏东，流速1.9节。10月13日午夜刚过，F轮已经完成离开加利福尼亚的Richmond港的准备工作。主雷达、第二雷达和陀螺罗经记录器已经启动。VHF无线电话也已经开启并置于16频道(国际遇险频道)和18Alfa频道，港口导航雷达站。到0049F船已在航行中。船长呼叫18Alfa频道通知港口导航站他已经离开Richmond驶往外海；然后他将无线电话频道选择开关由18Alfa频道改到10频道——公司终端频道。他改换到10频道的理由是为了监听公司和A船的通话，他知道A船要从Estero湾驶入。从0051开始，港口导航站因没有16频道，在18频道上进行了几次尝试与F船联系。这些尝试没有被接收到也没有得到446severalattemptstocontactthevesselFonchannel18Alfa.Thesecallswentunheardandunacknowledged.At0058theinboundAcalledonchannel18AlfatonotifyHarborAdvisorythatshewasenteringthemainshipchannel，boundforPointOrient.OnvesselA’sbridgethefirstofficermonitoringRadarwatch；thesecondofficerforcommunications；andtheMaster,conning.Abowlookoutwaspostedandthefirstofficerwassoundingfogsignalsmanually.OnenteringthebuoyedchanneltotheharborthevesselAwasinmanualcontrol,course069°speed14.0knots.Theprimaryandsecondaryradarswereoperatingaswasthegyrocourserecorder.The10cmradarwasoperatinginunstabilizedship’sheadupmode，5–milerangescale；the3cmradarwasoperatingintruenorthup，stabilizedmode，6–milerangescale.Controlknobsonbothradarsweresettoagreewithpenciledmarksaroundeachindicatorreadingwhereoptimumtuningwasthoughttoexist.Noothercontroladjustmentsweremadenorconsiderednecessary.ProceedingsouththroughSouthamptonShoalChannel，thevesselFwasinmanualcontrol，course171°，speed11.0knots.Thesecondofficerworkedatradarandcommunications.Themasterwasconning.Abowlookoutwaspostedandfogsignalswerebeingsoundedautomaticallyatfixedoneminuteintervals.Themaster’splanwastoheadforapointjustnorthofthebridgecenterspan,then，回答。在0058驶入的A船在18Alfa频道上通知港口导航站她正在进入主航道，驶往Orient角。(boundfor驶往)在A船驾驶台，大副在观测雷达，二副负责通信，船长指挥。派出船首瞭望，大副手动发雾号。在进入浮标航道驶入港口过程中，A轮是人工操舵，航向069°，航速14节。主雷达、第二雷达和陀螺罗经航向记录器工作正常。10厘米雷达工作在船首向上不稳定显示，5海里距离挡上；3厘米雷达工作在真北向上稳定显示，6海里距离挡上。两部雷达上的控制按钮被调节成与每个显示器读数相一致的标记处，该处被认为是最佳调谐位置。其他按钮没有调节，也没有必要。通过Southampton浅滩航道,向南行驶，F船是人工操舵，航向171°，速度11节。二副观测雷达和通信。船长指挥。派出船首瞭望，以固定1分钟间隔自动发出雾号。船长的计划是对着靠近大桥跨度中央北侧一点行驶；然后,当Lime角正横时,转向并沿Bonita尖岬行驶。447whenLimePointwasabeam，turnandrangeonPointBonita.OnthevesselA，themaster’splanwastoheadforthecenterofGoldenGateBridgebykeepingPointBluntaheadandtherangeformedbyHardingRockBuoyandPointBluntopenslightlytothenorth.At0111thevesselFwasone-halfmileoffPointBlunt.Themasterorderedspeedreducedtohalfahead.At0116，afterroundingthePoint，speedwasorderedfullahead.Afterexecutingthebellordertofullahead，thesecondofficerswitchedthe10cmradartothe1-1/2milerangescaleandthe3cmradartothe3milerangescale.At0120HarborAdvisorycalledthevesselAtoreportthevesselFwaspassingnorthofAlcatrazIslandboundforsea.Thecallwasheardbutnotacknowledged.At0124thevesselFfirstappearedasaradartargetonthevesselA’s3cmradar，rangefivepointsevenmiles.ThefirstofficermarkedthepositionofthevesselF’sechoonthereflectionplotter.However，hefailedtomarkalsothetime.Twoadditionalmarksweremadeonthescopeataboutonemileintervalsandagain，notimeswerenoted.NoestimateorcalculationwasmadeastothevesselF’scourseorspeed.Between0127and0136thevesselFmadethreecoursechangestoport.Oneoftheseinvolvedacoursechangefrom254°toaheadingof226°.Inexecutingthisorder，thehelmsmanabsentlyputthewheelovertotheright；then，realizinghiserror，(headfor朝着一方向前进)(range沿(海岸)巡逻)在A船，船长的计划是保持Blunt尖岬在正前方，朝着金门桥中央行驶并沿着Harding礁和Blunt尖岬开门方向稍微向北行驶。到0111F船行驶到Blunt尖岬外二分之一海里。船长命令减速到前进二航行。到0116，绕过尖岬后，命令全速航行。在执行了全速前进的车钟令以后，二副将10厘米雷达调到1.5海里距离挡，将3厘米雷达调到3海里距离挡。到0120港口导航站呼叫A船报告F船正通过Alcatraz岛北侧驶往外海。该呼叫被听到但没有得到回答。到0124F轮第一次作为雷达目标出现在A船的3厘米雷达上，距离5.7海里。大副在反射标绘器上标绘了F船的回波位置。但是，他没有标绘时间。他又以1海里的间隔标绘了另外两个回波的位置，也没有标绘时间。对于F船的航向或速度没有进行估计或计算。(reflectionplotter反射标绘器)在0127和0136之间，F船向左进行了三次改向。一次改变航向是从254°改到226°。在执行这次改向命令时，舵工心不在焉地将舵扳到右舵；然后，当他认识到错误后，再向回扳舵加以改正。在这个匆忙改变过程中，舵工在将F船稳定在正确船首向226°之前，F船过度偏离航448correcteditbyreversingtherudder.Inhishaste，thehelmsmanoverswungthecoursebytendegreesbeforebringingthevesselFtoherproperheadingof226°.Thiserrorwentunnoticedand，ineffect，placedthevesselFfurthernorththanthemasterhadplanned.By0130thevesselAwasone-halfmileabeamofMileRock.Themasterorderedt