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第一讲1.contractsystemtestedinallrailwayoperationsThecontractsystemwillbepracticedinalloperationsoftheMinistryofRailways-transport,capitalconstructionandtechnologicalupgrading,ministryofficialstoldXinhuarecently.TheGuangzhouRailwayAdministrationhasbeenchosentoexperimentwithwaysofimplementingwithwaysofimplementingthesystemthroughout,theofficialssaid.ThecontractsystemisnecessarybecausesinceApril1986,theStatehasceasedtoallocatefundstotheministry.Instead,itcollectstaxesfromtheministry,whichcanuseitsownprofitstodevelopitsownoperations,theofficialssaid.“Thatmeanswehavetodependexclusivelyonourselvesandthat´swhyweusethecontractsystemtostimulateworkersinitiativeforhigherturnovers.”Oneofficialsaid.Althoughthecontractsystemwaspracticedlastyearonlyinitstransportsector,theministrywasabletohandle3.7percentmorecargothanin1985.Inthefirsthalfofthisyear,thetotalvolumeofcargoandpassengertransportwasup2.4and6.5percentoverthesame1985period,respectively,theofficialsreported.Meanwhile,afeederrailwayfundedbyfamersinavillageinZhanjiang,GuangdongProvince,isexpectedtoopentotrafficinOctober,accordingtotheoverseaseditionofPeople´sDaily.FarmersinXinhuavillageraised2millionyuan(about$540,000)tobuilda600-metrefeederrailwaylinetospeeduptransportbetweenurbanandruralareas.(Xinhua)WordsandExpressionsContract/´kɑn‚trækt/n.承包；契约，合同Contractsystem承包制，大包干Administration/æd‚mini´streʃǝn/ǝn.局；管理，经营Experiment/ik´spɛrǝmǝnt/n.&v.i.试验To……with……试验……To……upon……用……作实验Implement/´implǝmǝnt/v.t.实现，落实Thoughoutprep.在整个……期间；全……，……到处´adv.彻底地，全部地Cease/sis/v.t.停止Allocate/´ælǝ‚ket/v.t.分配，拨给Fund/fΛnd/n.经费，资金Tax/tæks/n.税；税款Profit/´prɑfit/n.利润，赢利；利益Exclusively/ik´sklusivli/adv.仅仅，只有；独占地Stimulate/´stimjǝ‚let/v.t.激励，刺激Initiative/i´niʃǝtiv/n.首创精神，主动性，积极性Turnover//´tǝn‚ovǝ/n.营业额，产值Sector/´sɛktǝ,-‚tↄr/n.扇形；地段，区域；方面Feeder/´fidǝ/n.铁路支线；加料漏斗2.EastrailwaystobeupgradedRailwaylinesinEastChinawillbeimprovedwithaninvestmentof7billionyuan(about$1.89billion),theoverseaseditionofPeople´sDailyreportedonThursday.Theprojectinvolves1.660kilometersofrailways,with470kilometersofnewlinestobebuilt,510kilometerstobeelectrifiedand680kilometersdouble-tracked.AccordingtoZhouCongqing,theofficialinchargeoftheproject,morethan3,300hectaresoflandwillberequisitionedandmanydwellingsrelocated.Techniciansareworkingonanengineeringplan,andthewholeprojectisexpectedtobecompletedin1990.WordsandExpressionsUpgrade/´Λp‚ɡred/Λv.t.加强；使升级，改良Inchargeof负责……；主管……Hectare/´hɛk‚tɛr/n.公顷Requisition/‚rɛkwi´ziʃǝn/n.征用Dwelling/´dwɛliŋ/n.住房Relocate/ri´loket/v.t.搬迁3.RailcapacitydoublesEachkilometersofrailwayinChinacarried596.9billiontonsoffreightinthefirstsixmonthsofthisyearonaverage,doublethatin1978.OfficialsoftheRailwaysMinistrysaidthatthepresentstructurecanhardlymeettheneedsofthedevelopingeconomy.Theministryisnowconcentratingonexpandingthehandlingcapacityoftheexistingrailroads,whileconstructingorupgradingnewlines.Amongthe38marshallingyardsinChina,28haveincreasedthenumberoftrainstheysendouteverydayby10to30percent.Theyardssentout38,000trainseverydaylastyear,15percentmorethaninthepreviousyear.SinceApril,thenumberofpassengerandfreighttrainshasincreasedby22percentand20percent,respectively,comparedto1978.Nowpassengertrainsarecapableoftransportingthreemillionpeopleaday.Theprojecttoaddadouble-trackalongthelinebetweenHengyanginHunanProvinceandGuangzhouisnearlycomplete.AndtheprojectofexpandingtherailwaynetworkineasternChinaisgoingonsmoothly.(Xinhua)WordsandExpressionsFreight/fret/n.货物Average/´ævǝriʤ,´ævriʤ/vn.平均，均值Onaverage按均值计算，平均Marshalling/´mɑ:ʃǝliŋ/排列，整理，编组Marshallingyard编组场Tosend……out发出，寄出，放出ŋImprovingrailwayoperationsNewtrendsByDr.techn.,Prof.E.A.SOTNIKOV,All-UnionRailwayScientificResearchInstitute,MinistryofRailwaysoftheUSSRSUMMARYTheSovietRailwayshandle52percentoftheworld´srailwayfreightturn-overalthoughtheyaccountonlyofabout11percentoftheirtotalmileage.Thisdeterminesanextremelyhightrafficdensityofthelinesexceeding6to10timesandevenmore,similarvaluesoftherailwaysoftechnicallyadvancedcountries.Inordertomeettherequirementsforhandlingconstantlygrowingvolumesoftraffic,apartfromimprovingrailwayequipment,reinforcingthetracksandraisingtherollingstockcarryingcapacities,theoperationalprocedurehastoperfectedaswell,ithastoattainingthisoverallgoalistheintensificationoftheutilizationoftheexistingtechnicalmeans.Inthisreportnewtrendsimprovingrailwayoperationsarediscussed.第二讲1、TrainSchedulingThetrainscheduleisthebasisformanagingtraintraffic.Itintegratestheactivitiesofallrailwayservices.Observingexactlythetechnologicalprocedureslaiddownforyardsandstations,forlocomotiveandwagonshops,fortrack,signalingandcommunicationfacilitiesaswellasforotherrailwaybodiesisavitalnecessityfortrainsbeingoperatedstrictlytotheschedule.Inordertokeepthedispatchersstaffinformedonthetrainsituationdataprovidedthroughtheautomatictrafficcontrolsystemsofthevariousrailwayregionsisused.Dataontheavailabilityoftrainsandlocomotivesateachofthestationsandattheclassificationyardsofthegivenrouteissubmitted;tothedispatchersstaffoftheuppercontrolechelonin3hoursintervals,tothedispatcherssta