1公共英语基础接轨资料Ⅰ语法项目一、名词概念:(n.)表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange,Beijing,Tom等。◆英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数,在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a,表示“一个”。1.复数的构成方法:(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如:dog--dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es,如:watch--watches。(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es,如:country--countries。请区别:如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词,则只须加s。如:monkey--monkeys。(4)以o结尾的名词,只有potato(土豆),tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词,变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife--knives。2.单复数形式相同的词:sheep--sheep,fish—fish,Chinese--Chinese,Japanese--Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有:(1)tooth--teeth,foot--feet(2)man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,Frenchman--Frenchmen请区别:German(德国人)—Germans(3)child—children4.可用howmany,many,afew,few,alotof,lotsof,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。◆英语不可数名词:5.常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,fish,meat等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.6.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成单数。如:Somebread____overthere.(be)7.常用howmuch,much,alittle,little,alotof,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。◆名词所有格的构成方法:在名词后加“'s”。如:Tom→Tom's译为“…的”,若遇上以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“'”即可。如:Teachers'Day,twoweeks'holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加's。如:Children'sDay。二、冠词1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the。2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前,如:anhour,anEnglishcar.请区别:ausefulmachine。3.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如:thesun,themoon,theearth5.定冠词the用于序数词前,表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如:thefirst,thebest,inthe2south6.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。如:TheBrownsaregoingtoShanghaiforaholidaythissummer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:inthebox,behindthechair8.特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面:(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:insummer,inAugust请区别:inthespringof1945.(这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如:havebreakfast,playfootballThere's_________800-metre-longroadbehind_________hospital.A.an,anB.a,aC.an,theD.a,the三、介词1.与形容词搭配的词组有:beafraidof(怕),beangrywith(生某人的气),beawayfrom(不在某地),bedifferentfrom(与…不同),begoodat(善于),begood/badfor(对…有益/有害),beinterestedin(对…感兴趣),belatefor(迟到),be/getreadyfor(为作好准备)besureof(对…有把握),beworriedabout(为…感到担忧)2.介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式1)Youmusttakegoodcareofher.2)Thankyouforteachingussowell.3.几组易混淆的介词A.“在...之后”in+一段时间(用于一般将来时)after+一段时间(用于一般过去时)after+一点时间(常用于一般将来时)如:Thebabystoppedcryingafterhalfanhour.Thebabywillstopcryinginhalfanhour.TheywillvisittheirteacherafterFriday.B.since+过去的一点时间(用于完成时态),如:IhavebeeninFoshanforsixmonthssinceJuly.这两者均用于现在完成时,具体在时态部分,我会继续向同学们讲解。C.bemadeof用……制成,bemadein“由某地制造”,bemadebysomebody“由某人制成”D.in,on,at表时间:in“在某月(季节、年)等”eg:in1996,inJanuary,insummer固定词组:inthemorning,inaweek,inaminute,intime,intheendon用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等eg:onChristmasDay,onthenightofFebruary16at“用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组:atseven,atthemoment,atnight,atlast,atfirst,atnoon,attimes,atonce,atthistimeoftheyear,atthebeginningof,attheendofthismonth,atthesametime注意:在表示时间里,下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有:next,last,this,that,tomorrow,yesterday,one,every,all以及thedaybeforeyesterday和thedayaftertomorrow前不用介词。如:不能说intomorrow,只能说tomorrow在明天E.except+宾格/doingsomething除…之外”(不包括本身)EveryoneisatschooltodayexceptLinTao.(同义句转换)=OnlyLinTaoisn'tatschooltoday.F.“用”通过交通工具byplane用语言inEnglish,通过媒介on/overthetelephone,on/overtheradio,onTV用工具手段withapen,withone'shandsG.between“在~和~(两者)之间”3between...and...,betweenthetwo...among在...之间(三者或三者以上)eg.Suespentovertwohours___herhomeworkyesterdayevening.A.onB.withC.atD.over四、形容词&副词◆形容词的位置1作定语时放在名词的前面。如:ablackcat(一只黑猫)2作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:Thepriceisveryhigh.(这个价格很高。)3修饰复合不定代词something,somebody,anything时放在代词之后。如:Somethingserioushashappenedtohim.(他发生了严重的事故。)◆副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。4副词的分类时间副词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today,tomorrow,once,here,there,very,too,well,how,where,also,yesterday,now,twice,everywhere,enough,hard,when,why,nor,neitherthen,early,late,always,anywhere,rather,quite,alone,whether,whatas,on,offsoon,just,usually,above,outside,so,much,just,fast,however,either,tonight,often,in,inside,out,alittle,abittogether,yes,no,not,already,yet,before,sometimes,back,up,down,nearly,only,suddenly,maybe,ago,later,sincenever,away,off,far,almost,hardly,-ly结尾的副词certainly,firstseldom,aslongas①时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,如:WewillvisittheGreatWalltomorrow.(我们明天去参观长城。)②频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、threetimes等一般放在句尾。如:Theworkersusuallyhavelunchatthefactory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭。)③地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。Hewalkedoutquietlyandturnedbacksoon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回。)④程度副词:修饰动词、形容词或副词时,放在动词、形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:ItwassostrangethatIcouldhardlybelievemyears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵。)⑤方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Suddenlyhesawalightinthedarkcave(突然,在黑暗的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光。)◆大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级:原级;比较级:最高级。1.构成:规则情况变化:单音节词和少数双音节词:一般情况加er,est,如:clever-cleverer-cleverest;以字母e结尾加r,st,如:nice-nicer-nicest;重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写,加er,est,如:big-bigger-biggest;以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加er,est,如:early-earlier-earliest;部分双音节和多音节词,在词前加more,most,如:slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly;2.不规则变化须熟记:good/well-better-best,many/much-more-most,far-farther-farthest,bad/badly/ill-worse-worst,little-less-least;43.常见的使用情况:as…as…和...一样(中间用原级),notas(so)…as和...不一样(中间用原级),…than…...比...(用比较级)4.有in,of,among范围修饰的用最高级,如:(1)Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.(2)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.5.比较级+and+比较级意为“越来越….eg:wettera