供应链管理建设中的作用

RolesofSupplyChainManagementinConstructionProceedingsIGLC-7133ROLESOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINCONSTRUCTIONRubenVrijhoef1andLauriKoskela2ABSTRACTSupplychainmanagement(SCM)isaconceptthathasflourishedinmanufacturing,originatingfromJust-In-Time(JIT)productionandlogistics.Today,SCMrepresentsanautonomousmanagerialconcept,althoughstilllargelydominatedbylogistics.SCMendeavorstoobservetheentirescopeofthesupplychain.Allissuesareviewedandresolvedinasupplychainperspective,takingintoaccounttheinterdependencyinthesupplychain.SCMoffersamethodologytorelievethemyopiccontrolinthesupplychainthathasbeenreinforcingwasteandproblems.Constructionsupplychainsarestillfullofwasteandproblemscausedbymyopiccontrol.Comparisonofcasestudieswithpriorresearchjustifiesthatwasteandproblemsinconstructionsupplychainsareextensivelypresentandpersistent,andduetointerdependencylargelyinterrelatedwithcausesinotherstagesofthesupplychain.Thecharacteristicsoftheconstructionsupplychainreinforcetheproblemsintheconstructionsupplychain,andmaywellhindertheapplicationofSCMtoconstruction.Previousinitiativestoadvancetheconstructionsupplychainhavebeensomewhatpartial.ThegenericmethodologyofferedbySCMcontributestobetterunderstandingandresolutionofbasicproblemsinconstructionsupplychains,andgivesdirectionsforconstructionsupplychaindevelopment.ThepracticalsolutionsofferedbySCM,however,havetobedevelopedinconstructionpracticeitself,takingintoaccountthespecificcharacteristicsandlocalconditionsofconstructionsupplychains.KEYWORDSSupplychainmanagement,constructionsupplychain,interdependency,myopiccontrol.1ResearchScientist,TNOBuildingandConstructionResearch,DepartmentofStrategicStudies,QualityAssuranceandBuildingRegulations,P.O.Box2600,NL-2600AADelft,TheNetherlands,[phone],fax:[phone],[e-mail]2SeniorResearcher,VTTBuildingTechnology,ConcurrentEngineering,P.O.Box1801,FIN-02044VTT,Finland,[phone],fax:[phone],[e-mail]13426-28July1999,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USAINTRODUCTIONSupplychainmanagement(SCM)isaconceptoriginatingfromthesupplysystembywhichToyotawasseentocoordinateitssupplies,andmanageitssuppliers(Womacketal.1990).Intermsofleanproduction,SCMiscloselyrelatedtoleansupply(Lamming1996).ThebasicconceptofSCMincludestoolslikeJust-In-Timedelivery(JIT)andlogisticsmanagement.ThecurrentconceptofSCMissomewhatbroaderbutstilllargelydominatedbylogistics.Untilnow,inconstruction,initiativesbelongingtothedomainofSCMhavebeenratherpartialcoveringasubsetofissues(e.g.,transportationcosts)inalimitedpartoftheconstructionsupplychain(e.g.,theconstructionsite).Inmostcases,theissuesareregardedfromamaincontractor’spointofview(e.g.,AsplundandDanielson1991,Wegelius-Lehtonenetal.1996).Statisticalfiguresshowthatmaincontractorsarepurchasingmorelaborandmaterialthanpreviously.Forinstance,in1994,inDutchconstructionindustry(i.e.residential,commercialandindustrialbuilding),themaincontractors’shareinthetotalnationalturnoverhaddecreasedto24%(Scholman1997).Thus,suppliersandsubcontractorsrepresentedabout75%ofturnover.Currently,thisisexpectedtobemore.Asaconsequence,maincontractorsbecomemoreandmorereliantonotheractorsintheconstructionsupplychain(e.g.,suppliersandsubcontractors).Therefore,theyneedtorevisetheirsupplystrategiesandtradingrelationswithsubcontractorsandsuppliers.Thus,thegoalofthispaperistoclarifytherolesandpossibilitiesofSCMinconstruction.StartingfromthelessonslearntandmethodologicaldevelopmentofSCMinmanufacturing,presentsupplychainsinconstructionareobserved,andrecommendationsforSCMinconstructionarepresented.Thefocusofthispaperisonthesupplychainofamaincontractor.Ithastobenotedthatinconstruction,realestateownersalsomaydrivesupplychaindevelopment.SUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINMANUFACTURINGORIGINOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTSCMisaconceptthathasoriginatedandflourishedinthemanufacturingindustry.ThefirstsignsofSCMwereperceptibleintheJITdeliverysystemaspartoftheToyotaProductionSystem(Shingo1988).ThissystemaimedtoregulatesuppliestotheToyotamotorfactoryjustintheright-small-amount,justontherighttime.Themaingoalwastodecreaseinventorydrastically,andtoregulatethesuppliers’interactionwiththeproductionlinemoreeffectively.AfteritsemergenceintheJapaneseautomotiveindustryaspartofaproductionsystem,theconceptualevolutionofSCMhasresultedinanautonomousstatusoftheconceptinindustrialmanagementtheory,andadistinctsubjectofscientificresearch,asdiscussedinliteratureonSCM(e.g.,BechtelandYayaram1997,Cooperetal.1997).AlongwithoriginalSCMapproaches,othermanagementconcepts(e.g.,valuechain,extendedenterprise)havebeeninfluencingtheconceptualevolutiontowardsthepresentunderstandingofSCM.RolesofSupplyChainManagementinConstructionProceedingsIGLC-7135Inaway,theconceptofSCMrepresentsalogicalcontinuationofpreviousmanagementdevelopments(VanderVeenandRobben1997).Althoughlargelydominatedbylogistics,thecontemporaryconceptofSCMencompassesmorethanjustlogistics(Cooperetal.1997).Actually,SCMiscombiningparticularfeaturesfromconceptsincludingTotalQualityManagement(TQM),BusinessProcessRedesi