戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter-8

Chapter8LanguageandSocietyWhatissociolinguistics?Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Maintasks:ThescopeofsociolinguisticsVarietiesoflanguageStandarddialectPidginandCreoleBilingualismanddiglossiaThescopeofsociolinguisticsTherelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety(语言和社会的相关性)Speechcommunityandspeechvariety(言语社区和言语变体)Twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies(社会语言学的两种研究方法)TherelatednessbetweenlanguageandsocietyLanguageisusedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationship.Usersofthesamelanguagespeakdifferentlyduetotheirdifferentsocialbackground.Languagereflectsboththephysicalandsocialenvironmentsofasociety.Languageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesociety.Speechcommunityandspeechvariety言语社区和言语变体Thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvariety,orlanguagevariety,referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.TwoapproachestosociolinguisticstudiesMacro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyasawholeandconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinitandhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations,i.e.abird’s-eyeviewofthelanguagesusedinsociety.将社会看作一个整体，考察语言是如何在其中运作的，以及他是如何反映社会差异的，即对社会中所使用的语言的一个总观。Micro-sociolinguistics:tolookatsocietyfromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinit,oraworm’s-eyeviewoflanguageinuse.从其中的个体成员的角度来观察社会，或对使用中的语言作一个具体的详细的观察。Varietiesoflanguage语言变体Dialectalvarieties(方言变体)Register(语域)Degreeofformality(正式度)Dialectalvarieties(方言变体)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Sociolect(社会方言)Languageandgender(语言与性别)Languageandage(语言和年龄)Idiolect(个人方言)Ethnicdialect(种族方言)Regionaldialect(地域方言)Aregionaldialectisalinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregion.Sociolect(社会方言)Social-classdialect,orsociolect,referstothelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclass.Accentisanimportantmarkerofsociolect.Languageandgender(语言与性别)Women’sspeechcloselyapproachesthestandardvarietythanthespeechofmen.Maleandfemalespeechesarealsofoundtobedifferentintheuseofintonations.Genderdifferentiationsisalsoreflectedintheuseofcertainlexicalitems.LanguageandageLanguageusedbytheoldgenerationdiffersfromthatusedbytheyoungergenerationincertainways.Themoststrikingdifferenceisfoundatthelexicallevel(词汇层).Idiolect(个人方言)Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Ethnicdialect(种族方言)BlackEnglishisjustanothernon-standardvarietyofEnglish.BlackEnglishhasitsownfeaturesatthephonological,morphological,syntactic,andlexicallevel.LinguisticFeaturesofBlackEnglishThesimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofaword;Thedeletionofthelinkverb“be”;Theuseofdoublenegationconstruction.Examples:P116.Register(语域)Languagevarieswiththeuseranditalsovarieswiththecircumstancesunderwhichitisused.Acompetentnativespeakerofalanguageisinpossessionofavarietyofwaysinusingthelanguage.Thetotalityoflinguisticvarietiespossessedbyanindividualconstituteshislinguisticrepertoire(语言变体库).Halliday’sregistertheory“Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.”“语言随其功能而变；因其场合而异”.Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.Threesocialvariablesthatdeterminetheregister:fieldofdiscourse(语场),tenorofdiscourse(语旨),andmodeofdiscourse(语式).Fieldofdiscourse(语场)Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatisgoingon:totheareaofoperationofthelanguageactivity.(purposeandsubject)Thefieldofaregisterdeterminestoagreatextentthevocabularytobeusedincommunicationanditalsodeterminesthephonologicalandgrammaticalfeaturesofthelanguage.Tenorofdiscourse(语旨)Tenorofdiscoursereferstotheroleofrelationshipinthesituationinquestion:whotheparticipantsandinwhatrelationshiptheystandtoeachother.It,toagreatextent,determinesthelevelofformalityandtheleveloftechnicalityofthelanguageweuse.Modeofdiscourse(语式)Modeofdiscoursemainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.Itisconcernedwith“how”communicationiscarriedout.Example:P118.Degreeofformality(正式程度)AnAmericanlinguistMartinJoos,distinguishesfivestagesofformality,namely,1.intimate,2.casual3.consultative4.formal5.frozen.Example：P119.Standarddialect(标准方言)Thestandardvarietyisasuperimposed(强制性的),sociallyprestigiousdialectofalanguage.Thestandarddialectisaparticularvarietyofalanguagewhichanymemberofaspeechcommunitycanpossiblyuseregardlessofhissocialandgeographicalbackgrounds,hisgenderandage.PidginandCreole洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语(混杂语)Apidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Whenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeaCreole.FeaturesofPidginIthasalimitedvocabularyandmuchreducedorsimplifiedgrammarandservesrestrictedfunctions,suchastradingandemployment.Bilingualismanddiglossia双语现象和双语Insomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay.Thetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFe