搜索
Chapter4Syntax1.Whatissyntax?•Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Categories（范畴）Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.指词类和功能(n,v,pre,adj,adv…)专门指语言单位的特性(number,gender,person,case,mood,concord/agreement,government)2.1Lexicalcategories•Englishmajorlexicalcategories实义语类•Noun(N)student,lecture,John•Verb(V):like,read,go•Adjective(Adj):tall,lovely,red•Adverb(adv):loudly,constantly,hard•Englishminorlexicalcategories功能语类•Determiner(Det):the,a,this,his•Auxiliary(Aux):can,will,do,do•Preposition(pron):he,she,us,mine•Conjunction(Conj):and,or,but,while•Interjection(Int):Oh,ah,eh2.2grammaticalcategories:Number(singular,plural,countable,uncountable)Gender(masculine,feminine,neuter,common)Person(first,second,third)Case(subjectivecase,objectivecase,genitivecase)Tense(presenttense,pasttense)Mood(indicativemood,imperativemood,subjunctivemood)Concord(grammatical,notional,proximity)Government(支配关系)etc.Averbistoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandinnumber.InEnglish,thisruleonlyaffectstheverbaccordingtothenumberofthesubject.(e.g.Theboygoestoschool.Theboysgotoschool.)2.2.1Concord/agreement(一致关系)1)Grammaticalconcord(语法一致原则)Thisprinciplereferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.subjectsingularnounverbtakessingularformsubjectpluralnounverbtakespluralforme.gEachboyhashisownbook./Boyshavetheirownbooks.2)Notionalconcord(意义一致原则)Thisprinciplereferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion.e.gThegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavoteThenewmilitarygovernmentdoesnothavepopularsupport.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.Fifty-sixdollarswasstolenfromthecashregister.3)PrincipleofProximity(就近原则)Thisprincipledenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphrase.(therebe,or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,whether…or…)e.gThereisapen,afewenvelopsandsomepaperforyou.Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.NeitherTomnorIamastudent.•Theideaofgovernmentisthewayinwhichcertainprepositionsandverbsdeterminethecaseofnouns.•InEnglish,prepositionsandverbsrequireorrestrictparticularformsoftheparadigms(聚合体，词形变化)ofpronounsaccordingtothesyntacticrelationbetweenthem.(e.g.Imustlearnfromthem.Theypleasedmetheotherday.)2.2.2Government(支配关系)2.3Functionalcategories•subject•predicate•object•complement•adverbial1)SVCsubject+verb+complement2)SVsubject+intransitiveverb(不及物动词)3)SVOsubject+transitiveverb(及物动词)+object4)SVoOsubject+ditransitiveverb(双宾语动词)+indirectobject(间接宾语)+directobject(直接宾语)5)SVOCsubject+complextransitiveverb(复杂宾语及物动词)+object+complement6)SVAsubject+verb+adverbial7)SVOAsubject+transitiveverb(及物动词)+object+adverbialBasicclausetypesHowtoanalyzethefollowingsentenceTheurgetoelopewithherlovewastoostrongtosuppresssosheabandonedeverythingincludingherlovedchild,whowasonceverydeartoher.2.4Phrasalcategoriesandtheirstructures•NP名词短语:atallman,thestudent•VP动词短语:readabook,walkinthepark•PP介词短语:inthepark,afterdark•AP形容词短语:quiterude,veryanxiousPhrasestructureruleTheXPruleTheXstandsfortheheadofN,A,VandP.abeautifulgirlfromChinaXPspecifierXcomplementabeautifulgirlfromChinaTheXbartheory（X杠理论）Thecoordinaterule•theladyorthetigerNP•gotothelibraryandreadabookVP•downthestairsandoutthedoorPP•quiteexpensiveandverybeautifulAP•JohnlovesMaryandMarylovesJohntoo.SS•Aman,awoman,aboy,acatandadoggotintothecar.S3.Sentence（句子）3.1Thesentencerule•Normallyasentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicate→InflTenseandagreement3.2Typesofsentences句子类型StructuralApproach•Thesimplesentence简单句•Thecoordinatesentence并列句•Thecomplexsentence复合句FunctionalApproach•declarative(陈述句)•interrogative(疑问句)•imperative(祈使句)•exclamatory(感叹句)immediateconstituent（直接成分）Constituent(构成成分)ultimateconstituent（最终成分）IC（直接成分）:Canbefurthersegmenteduntilweobtainthesmallestgrammaticalunits.UC（最终成分）:Thesmallestgrammaticalunitobtainedthroughsegmentation.3.3ICAnalysis(直接成分分析法)ICAnalysisreferstodividethesentenceupintoimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents.（把句子按其组成部分/成分用两进制切分法/二分法一直划到最小的语法单位－又称最终成分－词素。）Theanalysiscanbecarriedoutinwaysofbracketing(括号法)uprightlines（竖线法)treediagrams(树形法)Treediagrams•树形图最为直观，不仅显示出句子的线性结构，而且清楚地表明其阶层结（hierarchicalstructure）。•egAambiguitysentence:Theboysawthemanwithatelescope.•notonlyshowslinearrelationship,butalsohierarchicalones.•helpstoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.Forexample:oldmenandwomenoldmenandwomenTheadvantageofICAnalysisTherewillbeaproblemastowheretomakethenextcut.Thisiscalleddiscontinuityandsuchconstituentsarecalleddiscontinuousconstituents(非连续成分).e.g.look…up,bring…in,help…out,lookforwardto,etc.直接成分分析法把话语一直分到词素，忽略了词和习语作为词汇单位的整体作用。如：look…up,bring…in,help…out,lookforwardto,三长两短，七上八下，如果切分到词素，就会忽视习语的整体意义，从而破坏语义的完整性。AdisadvantageofICAnalysis3.4Transformations•Auxiliarymovement(inversion)•Doinsertion•Deepstructure&surfacestructure•Wh-movement•Moveαan