搜索
Law1.What’stherelationshipbetweencivilizationandlaw?Thefairnessofanation’slawsandtheextenttowhichthelegalsystemjustlyadministersthelawsisameasureoftheenlightenment,humanity,anddegreeofcivilizationofitspeople.2.What’slaw?Lawconsistsofthewholebodyofrulesappliedandenforcedundertheauthorityofestablishedgovernmentindeterminingwhatconductisproperandshouldbepermittedandthatwhichshouldbedeniedorpenalized.3.Canyoulisttherolesoflawinsociety?Withoutlaw,therewouldbeanarchy.Lawisthemeansthroughwhichsocietyisabletoexistbyprovidingprotectionfortheindividual;byestablishingandmaintainingorder,health,andsafety;byprovidingapeacefulmeansofdisputeresolution;byprovidingstabilityandflexibilityineconomicrelationsbetweenpeople;andbyprohibitingconductdestructivetosociety.4.Howcanlawbebestunderstood?Lawisbestunderstoodbyviewingthelegalsystemasaprocess——ameansofpullingtogethersociety’sneedsandgoalsandtranslatingthemintoguidesforfairnessandreasonablenessinconduct.5.WhataretheeventsthatpromotethedevelopmentoftheEnglishlegalsystem?NormanConquest.Williamreplacedthelocalandhighlyvariedsystemsoflawwithacommonsystemoflaw.6.WhydidthepeopleinEnglandpetitiontotheKingandwhatwouldbetheresult?Becauseoftheextremelyrigid,frequentlyoverlytechnicalproceduralrequirementsofthecommon-lawsystem,peopleweresometimesunabletoobtainfairreliefinthecourts.Intime,somepersonswhofeltthattheformofreliefwasinadequatepetitionedtotheKingdirectly.Thispracticegaverisetoasecondcourtsystem,calledtheCourtofChancery.7.WhatwasthesituationofequitycourtsinNorthAmerica?Americancourtsystemsinthenineteenthcenturyresultedinsimplificationofjudicialproceduresandeliminationofequitycourtsasseparatecourtsinmoststates.8.WasthestatutesdevelopedfastinNorthAmerica?Why?9.Whatarethedisadvantagesofstatuesandtheadvantagesofthecommonlawrules?10.Whohasthepowertomaketheordinances?ThelegislativebodyofamunicipalcorporationLegalSystem1.WhatistherelationshipbetweenthecivillawsystemandRomanLaw?ThecivillawisbasedonRomanLaw.2.WhoistheJustinianandwhatishiscontribution?ByzantiumEmperor.Compilingcodesaftertheenthronement3.WhichistheprimarysourceoflawinEurope,RomanLaworlocallaws?Localcustoms4.Whywastheconceptofcodificationdevelopedinthe17thand18thcenturies?AsanexpressionofbothNaturalLawandtheideasoftheEnlightenment.5.Whatdidtheopponentsofcodificationthinkaboutcodificationoflaw?Itsopponentsclaimedthatcodificationwouldresultintotheossificationoflaw.6.Whatisthemainfeatureofcommonlaw?Itsinclusionofextensivenon-statutorylawreflectingprecedentderivedfromcenturiesofjudgmentsbyworkingjurists.7.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstatutesandregulations?Statuesareenactedbyalegislature,whileregulationsarepromulgatedbyexecutivebranchagenciespursuanttoadelegationofrule-makingauthorityfromalegislature.8.Whereshouldpeoplegoiftheywantedtoapplyforinjunctionsbeforethe20thcentury?Why?Courtsofequity.Onlycourtsofequityhavetheauthoritytodoit.9.Whatisthedifferencebetweentheselectionsofjudgesincivillawcountriesandthatincommonlawcountries?Civillawjudgesareusuallytrainedandpromotedseparatelyfromadvocates,whereascommonlawjudgesareusuallyselectedfromaccomplishedandreputableadvocates.10.Whatarethedifferencesinthecriminalproceduresofthetwomajorlegalsystems?Ingeneral,thejudgeinacivillawsystemplaysamoreactiveroleindeterminingthefactsofthecase.Mostcivillawcountriesinvestigatemajorcrimesusingaso-calledinquisitorialsystem.Also,civillawsystemsrelymuchmoreonwrittenargumentthanoralargument.CourtSystem1.WhatisthemaincharacteristicofthecourtsystemoftheUnitedStates?Courtsareoperatedinbothstateandfederalgovernments.2.Arethereanyuniformrulesforcreatingstatecourts?No.butithasageneralpattern.3.Whatarethefunctionsoftheinferiorcourtsatthebottomofthestatejudicialhierarchy?Tryingminorcivilcasesinvolvingsmallsumsofmoney,andminorcriminalcasesinvolvinglightpenaltiesandconducingpreliminaryhearingsinthemoreseriouscriminalcases.4.Doallstateshavethesameterminologyforcourtsandjudges?Pleasegiveexamples.No.Forexamples,amanwhositsonthehighestcourtofNewJerseyiscalledajusticeofthesupremecourtofthatstate,whileamanwhoholdsanequivalentpositioninNewYorkiscalledajudgeofthecourtofappeals.5.Whatarethedutiesofthejudgeswhositonappellatecourts?Theydonotrialwork,beingoccupiedexclusivelyinhearingappeals.Theyreviewtheproceedingsoftrialcourtsuponthebasisofwrittenrecords.Theyhearoralargumentsandreadwrittenarguments,calledbriefs,inanefforttodiscoverwhethererrorswerecommittedinthetrialcourtofsuchanatureastorequirereversalofthejudgmentoranewtrial.6.HowmanytiersofcourtsarethereinthefederalcourtsystemintheU.S.?Whatarethey?Therearethreelevelsofcourts:trial,intermediateappellateandtopappellate.7.Doeseachstatehaveafederaltrialcourt?Whatdecidesthenumberofthefederaltrialcourtineachstate?EachstatehasatleastoneUnitedStatesdistrictcourt.Thepopulationofthedistrict8.Whattypesofcaseswillbetriedbyfederalcourts?Prosecutionsforfederalcrimescivilclaimsbaseduponfederallawcivilclaimsbetweencitizensofcivilactions.9.Whichauthorityhasthepowertocreatefederalcircuitcourts?Congress10.DoestheSupremeCourtoftheU.S.reviewall