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(二)GeoffreyChaucer(1340—1400)ThefirstoccupantofthePoets’Corner，WestminsterAbbey1.LiterarycareerThreePeriodsofliteraturecareer（1）TheinfluenceofFrenchliterature,（1360s-1372）chieflytranslatedfromtheFrenchworks,eg.“RomanceoftheRose”《玫瑰传奇》.（2）TheinfluenceofItalianRenaissance(1372-1386)mainlyadaptedworksfromItalianliterature,eg.“TroilusandCriseide”《特洛勒斯和克里希德》（3）TheBritishPeriod:1386---1400(MaturePeriod)purelyEnglish，“TheCanterburyTales”《坎特伯雷故事集》2.TheCanterburyTales（1）Apilgrimageof30peopleonaroutetoandfromCanterbury(England)（2）Totellstoriestoamusethemselvesontheway（3）HarryBailly,theinnkeeper,promisedafreemealforthebest-storyteller（4）Instructure:prologueand24stories(intendedtohave120stories,butunfinished)（5）Prologueservesasabriefintroduction,toenablereaderstohaveageneralviewofthewholecontent.（6）Amongthe24individualstories,2inproseand22inverseform.3.CharactersAllkindsofpeopleexcepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasantsarerepresentedbythesethirtypilgrims.（1）Thegentleclass:theknight,thesquire(乡绅),themonk(僧侣),theprioress(女修道院院长),theOxfordscholarandtheFranklin(乡绅);（2）Theburgherclass(市民):thewealthytrademan,thehaberdasher(男装店店主),thecarpenter,thelandedproprietor(地主),theweaver(织布工),thetapestry-maker（花挂毯制造商）,andtheWifeofBath（巴斯妇）;（3）Theprofessionals：thelawyerandthephysician.4.Contributions（1）FatherofEnglishpoetry（2）ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetry:heroiccouplet（英雄双韵体）,aniambicpentameter(五步抑扬格）（3）Chaucer’sEnglish:Londondialect.ChaucermadeacrucialcontributiontoEnglishliteratureinwritinginEnglishatatimewhenmuchcourtpoetrywasstillcomposedinAnglo-NormanorLatin.（4）ForerunnerofEnglishrealism.Chaucer,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,presentedtousacomprehensiverealisticpictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeinhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTales.（5）Chaucerdevelopscharacterizationtoahigherartisticlevel,i.e.characterswhoaremorallyandsociallytypicalbutexquisitelyindividualandrealisticindetail.5.KnowledgeofpoetryPoem→stanza→line→foot→syllable（1）syllable:awordorpartofawordwhichcontainsonevowelsound(元音).（2）Stress:awordorpartofawordwhichshouldbepronouncedwithmoreforce.InEnglish,wordsoftwosyllablesalwayscontainonethatisstressedsyllableandonethatisunstressed;longerwordscontainonestressedsyllableandtwoormoreunstressedsyllables.Unstressedsyllablesaremarkedwithacurve“︶”andstressed,withaslash“/”.（3）Rhythm:Inalineofpoetry,whenthestressedandunstressedsyllablesofallthewordsarearrangedinadefiniteorder,thelinewillriseandfallinamusicalway.Andthismusicalflow,ortheriseandfalloflanguageinpoetry,iscalled“rhythm”.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。foot(音步):footistheunitofrhythmandcontainstwoorthreesyllables,oneofwhichisstressed.iambus(︶/):consistsofoneunstressedsyllablefollowedbyonestressedsyllable.meter(格律):Themeterofalineofpoetryisdeterminedbythekindoffootusedandbythenumberoffeetinaline.Thelongestpoeticallinecontains8feet.pentameter五音步6.HeroicCouplet:composediniambicpentameter.Inthisformofpoetry,linesconsistingoffiveiambicfeetrhymetogetherinpairs.UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucer.（1）Therhymescheme:aabbcc…..英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格，每行五个音步,每个音步有两个音节,第一个是轻音,第二个是重音.（2）Rhyme：isarepetitionofthesamesoundattheendoftwoormorelines.（3）Stanza：agroupoftwoormoreconsecutivelinesboundtogetherbyendrhyme.