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PHONOLOGY1.Phonetics定义：①Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.②Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.e.g.[p]bilabial,stop2.分为哪几个Cavity?---Speechorgans①Thepharyngealcavity-thethroat②Theoralcavity-themouth③Thenasalcavity-thenose[m],[n],[ŋ]3.Thespeechorgans:①lips唇;②teeth齿;③teethridge(alveolus)齿龈;④hardpalate硬腭;⑤softpalate（velum）软腭;⑥uvula小舌;⑦tipoftongue舌尖;⑧bladeoftongue舌面;⑨backoftongue舌根;⑩vocalcords声带;11pharyngealcavity咽部;12nasalcavity鼻腔4.Broadtranscription:usedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes,withoutdiacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.e.g.clear[pit]Narrowtranscription:usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]5.P20ThedescriptionofEnglishconsonants.PlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]Frica-tivesVL[f][θ][s][ʃ][h]VD[v][ð][z][ʒ]Affri-catesVL([tʃ])[tʃ]VD([dʒ])[dʒ]NasalsVD[m][n][ŋ]LiquidsVD[l],[r]GlidesVD[w][j]6.P21￭Thefeature‘unrounded’isusuallyomittedsinceallfrontvowelsinEnglishareunrounded.￭Correspondingtothedistinctionoflongandshortvowelsisthedistinctionoftenseandlaxvowels.7.P22Phonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.Phonetics&phonology对比音位学和语音学￭Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.￭Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itaimstoanswerquestionslike:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheyhave,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.￭Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.8.P23￭Aphone音素----aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesdonotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,somedo,somedon’t.e.g./p/:[ph][p]￭Aphoneme音位----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext.￭Allophones音位变体----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphonetic[i:][l][ə][e][æ][a][ʌ][a:][u][u:][ɜː][ɔː][ɒ]environments.9.P24￭Phonemiccontrast音位对比----differentordistinctivephonemesareinphonemiccontrast.￭Complementarydistribution互补分布----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]￭Minimalpair最小对立集----whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.10.P25￭Sequentialrules----therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,‘k,b,i,I’mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb￭Ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.￭Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.a)thefirstphonememustbe/s/,b)thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,c)thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.10..Suprasegmentalfeatures-超音段特征---thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments(largerthanphoneme)11.P27￭ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,e.g.ashiftinstressinEnglishmaychangethepartofspeechofaword.￭Similaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.复合词和名词词组之间的区别Compound:‘blackbird;‘greenhouse;‘hotdog…nounphrase:black‘bird;green‘house;hot‘dog…￭Themeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns:modifier:修饰语‘dining-room;‘readingglasses;doer:行为者swimming‘fish;flying‘plane…￭Sentencestress----therelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.12.P28音调Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinwhatwecalltonelanguages.Englishisnotatonelanguage.OurmothertongueChineseisatypicaltonelanguage.e.g.ma妈(level)ma麻(thesecondrise)ma马(thethirdrise)ma骂(thefourthfall)