简明语言学教程第4章Syntax解析

Chapter4SyntaxThewordSyntax,derivedfromGreek,ismadeupof2morphemes:{syn}and{tax}.Theformermeans“_________”,andthelatter“___________”.Inlinguistics,Syntax(句法学)isabranchthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.Toputitsimple,itisthestudyoftheformationofsentences.togethertoarrangeSinceSentenceisregardedasthelargestgrammaticalunitofalanguage,syntaxhaslongbeenthecentreofgrammaticalstudy.Differentlinguisticstheoriesfirstdifferintheirtreatmentofsentencestructure.1.thetraditionalapproach(传统学派)；2.thestructureapproach(结构主义学派)；4.thefunctionalapproach(功能学派).3.thegenerativeapproach(生成学派)；AmericanlinguistsA.N.Chomsky(1928-)Category(P42)referstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.1.word-levelcategories2.phrasecategories3.sentencesthegenerativeapproach(生成学派)Thetermcategoryinsomeapproachesreferstoinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc..Morespecifically,itreferstothecategoriesofthenouns,forexample,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability;andoftheverb,forexample,tense,aspect,voice,etc..syntaxcategories(句法范畴)classesandfunctionsthedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits：Themostcentralcategoriestothesyntacticstudyaretheword-levelcategories.(traditionally,partsofspeech)1.Howmanywordclassesdoyouknowabout?①traditionalcategories:n.,v.,adj.,adv.,prep.,conj.,aux.,pronoun….②non-traditionalcategories:determiner(Det限定词),degreewords(Deg程度词),qualifier(Qual修饰语).3.Whataremajor/minorlexicalcategories?2.Whatarethecriteriatodetermineaword’scategories?①meaning;②inflection;③distribution.Note:Themostreliablecriterionofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.①Majorlexicalcategoriesareoftenassumedtobetheheads(中心语/中心成分)aroundwhichphrasesarebuilt:n.,v.,adj.andprep..②Minorlexicalcategoriesinclude:determiner(Det限定词),degreewords(Deg程度词),qualifier(Qual修饰语)andsoon.(P43)Syntacticunits1.definitionforphrasecategories2.twolevelsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrasecategories,suchasNP(N),VP(V),AP(A),PP(P).theprettygirlDetANNPwordlevelphraselevelP45,pleasedrawtreediagramsfortheother3phrases.Thewordclassofthespecifierdiffersdependingonthecategoryofthehead.Specifierscanbedeterminers(限定词)asinNP,qulifiers(修饰语)asinVPanddegreewords(程度词)asinAPandPP.specifier+head+complement3.thestructureorelementsofphrasesthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed标志语中心语补足语thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsthewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsNP(Det)+N+(PP)…VP(Qual)+V+(NP)…AP(Deg)+A+(PP)…PP(Deg)+P+(NP)…Specifier+head+complementphrasestructurerule:thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrase.1.thetallmanwithglassesthatImet2.advisehiminawritingclassthatheshouldbuyanEnglishdictionary3.curiousoftheresultsthatnoonewasthere4.aftertheEnglishclassPleasedecidewhetherthefollowinglexicalitemsarephrases.Ifyes,pleaseidentifythephrasecategoriesbyfiguringouttheirheadsandthenanalyzetheirstructure.1.NP→(Det)(Adj)N(PP)(S)2.VP→V(NP)(PP)(S)3.AP→A(PP)(S)4.PP→P(NP)()()()(()()）NP(Det)+N+(PP)…VP(Qual)+V+(NP)…AP(Deg)+A+(PP)…PP(Deg)+P+(NP)…TheXPrulePhraseStructurerulesspecifier+head+complementSpecifierXComplementHeadXPXP→(specifier)X(complement)XPrulespecifierXcomplementheadXPXP→(specifier)X(complement)XtheoryspecifierX(head)complementXPXwordlevelphraselevelintermediatelevela.XP(specifier)Xb.XX(complement)(X标杆理论)wordlevelphraselevel请分析：oftenreadstories(并列规则P48)Coordinationstructures---thestructuresthatareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasand,or,etc.boysandgirlsstayorleave1.sing,dance,read…orwatchTV2.singsweetsongsordrawbeautifulpictures3.apples,bananas,oranges/singing,dancing4.optimisticandpassionateCoordinationhasfourimportantproperties:Thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesbeforetheconjunction.Acategoryatanylevelcanbecoordinated.Coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.Thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.(并列规则)specifier+head+complement标志语中心语补足语4.4.1.specifiers4.4.2.complements4.4.3.modifiers1.Semantically,specifiersmakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead;syntactically,theytypicallymarkaphraseboundary.2.Thewordclassofthespecifierdiffersdependingonthecategoryofthehead.Specifierscanbedeterminers(限定词Det)asinNP,qulifiers(修饰语Qual)asinVPanddegreewords(程度词Deg)asinAPandPP.3.Theyareattachedtothetoplevelofphrasestructures.(X---theory)标志语specifier+head+complementComplementsthemselvescanbeaphrase,theyprovideinformation(aboutentitiesandlocations)(whoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead).eg.read;astory;putTheinformation(aboutaword’scomplement)isincluded(inthehead)andtermedsubcategorization(次范畴化).补足语specifier+head+complementAcertainlexicalitemrequiresacertaintypeofcomplement.eg.appear(vi.),cut(vt.),put(vt.)…Therecanbenocomplement,onecomplement,ormorethanonecomplementinaphrase,e.g.appear,break,put…Complements,howevermanythereare,occurtotherightoftheheadinEnglish.ThusthereisarevisedXPr