第四章习题简答4-2管径cmd5,管长mL6的水平管中有比重为0.9油液流动,水银差压计读数为cmh2.14,三分钟内流出的油液重量为N5000。管中作层流流动,求油液的运动粘度。解:管内平均流速为smdQv/604.1)4/05.0/(180/)9.09800/(5000)4//(22园管沿程损失hf为(h水银/油)1=0.142(13.6/0.9-1)=2.004m园管沿程损失hf可以用达西公式表示:gvdlhf22,对层流,Re/64,有fgdhlv264Re2,但vdRe,从而lvhgdf6422,代入已知量,可得到sm/10597.124题4-2图4-4为了确定圆管内径,在管内通过scm/013.02的水,实测流量为scm/353,长m15管段上的水头损失为cm2水柱。试求此圆管的内径。解:422222212842642642642Re64gdlQddglQgdlvgvdlvdgvdlhfmgdlQd0194.002.08.9210013.03515642128444-6比重85.0sm/10125.024的油在粗糙度mm04.0的无缝钢管中流动,管径cmd30,流量smQ/1.03,求沿程阻力系数。解:当78)(98.26dRe4000时,使用光滑管紊流区公式:237.0Re221.00032.0。园管平均速度smdqv/4147.1)4//(2,流动的33953Revd,:723908)(98.2678d,从而02185.0Re/221.00032.0237.o4-8输油管的直径mmd150,流量hmQ/3.163,油的运动黏度scm/2.02,试求每公里长的沿程水头损失。解:256.0360015.03.164422dQvmgvdlhvdf743.08.92256.015.0100064.1921642Re6464.19212.015.0256.0Re224-10长度mL1000,内经mmd200的普通镀锌钢管,用来输送运动粘度sm10355.024的重油,已经测得其流量smQ/038.03。求沿程损失为多少?解:园管平均速度smdqv/2096.1)4//(2,流动的6815Revd,0348.0Re/3164.025.0,mgvdLhf997.12224-12混凝土排水管的水力半径mR5.0,水均匀流动km1的水头损失为m1,粗糙系数014.0n,试计算管中流速。解:001.010001lhJf用谢才公式求流速smRJRnRJCv/42.1001.05.05.0014.01161614-15水管中的水通过直径为d,长度为l,沿程阻力系数为的铅直管向大气中泄水(如图)。求h为多大时,流量Q与l无关。解:取1-1、2-2断面列伯努利方程:fhgVlh22gVdlhf22ldlhdgdllhgV212ldlhdgdVdQ24422所以,当dh时,Q与h、l无关。4-16如题4-16图,水从直径d,长l的铅垂管路流入大气中,水箱中液面高度为h,管路局部阻力可忽略,沿程阻力系数为。(1)求管路起始断面A处压强。(2)h等于多少时,可使A点的压强等于大气压。解:(1)设A断面上的压强为Ap,对液面及A断面列伯努力方程:即Aphgv22对A断面稍后和管出口断面稍前列伯努力方程并将上式代入:gvgvdLgvLpA222222由此可得:11dLdhLpA(2)A处压强为大气压,即表压强为零。由上式可得:01dh即dh时,A断面处表压强为零。4-17一输水管直径mmd250,管长ml200,管壁的切应力2N/m46,求在mm200长管上的水头损失及在圆管中心和mmr100处的切应力。解:由lpr2有apRlp2.147125.0/462.02/2在园管中心r=0,切应力lpr2在r=100mm处,切应力aplpr8.362.021.02.1472水头损失mgphf152.02004-18从相对压强Pap501049.5的水管处接出一个橡皮管,长ml18,直径cmd2.1,橡皮管的沿程阻力系数024.0,在橡皮管靠始端接一阀门,阀门的局部阻力系数5.7,求出口速度。解:列橡皮管进,出口两端伯努力方程:gvdLgpm2)(2dLpvm2sm024.5)012.018024.05.7(10001049.525题4-18图题4-19图4-19长管输送液体只计沿程损失,当H,L一定,沿程损失为3/H时,管路输送功率为最大,已知mH4.127,mL500,管路末端可用水头3/2Hh,管路末端可用功率为kW1000,024.0,求管路的输送流量与管路直径。解:管路输送功率为:HQhHQNf32)(∴输送流量smHNQ32.14.12781.91000210001000323沿程损失52222221642123dgQldQgdlgvdlHhf∴03363.04.12781.922.1500024.0163216322225HglQdd=0.507m4-20水从封闭容器A沿直径mmd25,长度ml10的管道流入容器B,若容器A水面的相对压强1p为2个工程大气压,mH11,mH52,局部阻力系数5.0进,4.0阀,0.30弯,沿程阻力系数025.0,求流量Q。解:列1-1、2-2两断面的伯努利方程221221222220032229800010150.0250.5430.3980029.80.02529.8pvvlhhggdgvv进阀弯解得:smv/38.42·2224.380.0252.15/44QvdLs题4-20题4-21图4-21水箱中的水通过等直径的垂直管道向大气流出。如水箱的水深H,管道直径d,管道长l,沿程摩阻系数,局部水头损失系数,试问在什么条件下,流量随管长的增加而减小?解:(1)对液面及出流断面列伯努力方程:gvgvdlgvlH222222dllHgddvQdllHgv12441222要使流量随管长的增加而减小,则/)1(0dHdldQ4-22一条输水管,长m1000l,管径m3.0d,设计流量sLQ/8.84。水的运动粘度为scm/0131.02,如果要求此管段的沿程水头损失为mhf05.7,试问应选择相对粗糙度dK/为多少的管道。解:smdQv/2.13.040848.0422029.02.110003.005.78.9222222lvdghgvdlhff275000100131.03.02.1Re4vd由于Re2000,流动是紊流根据Re和λ查莫迪图,得dK/=0.004mm(课本后的答案为1.2mm。)4-23水管直径为mm50,1、2两断面相距m15,高差m3,通过流量sLQ/6,水银压差计读值为mm250,试求管道的沿程阻力系数。解:smdQAQv/06.305.04006.0422列1、2两断面的伯努利方程gvdlgvgpzgvgpz2222222222111由题意可得v1=v2=vhhhgghgpzgpzHgHg2211将上述两式代入伯努利方程可得gvdlhhHg222022.006.31505.08.92)25.0100025.013360(2)(22lvgdhhHg题4-23图题4-24图4-24两水池水位恒定,已知管道直径cmd10,管长ml20,沿程阻力系数042.0,局部水头损失系数8.0弯,26.0阀,通过流量sLQ/65。试求水池水面高差H。解:smdQAQv/3.81.04065.0422列1-1、2-2两断面的伯努利方程lhH00000gvgvdlhhhmfl2)3(222阀弯则gvgvdlhHl2)3(222阀弯mgvdl9.388.923.826.08.031.020042.02322)(阀弯(课本后的答案为43.9m)4-25自水池中引出一根具有三段不同直径的水管如图所示。已知mmd50,mmD200,ml100,mH12,局部阻力系数5.0进,0.5阀,设沿程阻力系数03.0,求管中通过的流量并绘出总水头线与测压管水头线。题4-25图解:以0-0截面为基准面,列1-1、2-2截面的伯努利方程lhgvH2000021gvgvDdgvDdgvhgvdlgvDlgvdlhhhhmfmfl22)1(5.02)1(2222222121222122221212221阀进则gvgvDdgvDdgvgvdlgvDlgvdlgvhgvHl22)1(5.02)1(2222222221212221222212122212121阀进由连续方程可得1222vDdv,代入上式,得smDdDdDlddlgHvgvDdDdDlddlhgvHl/22.15)2.005.01(5.0)2.005.01(5.02.005.010003.005.010003.0251/128.92)1(5.0)1(251/22)1(5.0)1(251222222542222254121222225421阀进阀进sLsmdvQ/4.2/104.205.0422.14332214-26圆管和正方形管的断面面积、长度、沿程阻力系数都相等,且沿程水头损失也相等,试分析两种形状管道的流量之比方圆QQ/。解:lghdAQgAQdlgvdlh222222圆圆lAghdQgAQdlgvdlhee222222方方06.14422/422AAddlAghdlghdAQQee方圆4-27水平管路直径由cmd241突然扩大为cmd482,在突然扩大的前后各安装一测压管,读得局部阻力后的测压管比局部阻力前的测压管水柱高出cmh1。求管中的流量Q。解:对突然扩大前后断面列伯努利方程式,则:fhgvgpgvgp22222211)(1)2(212)(22222121222122212212221222112vvvgvvvvvvggvvgvvhgvvgpphf由连续方程222211dvdv,将4122221)(ddvv代入,则,ghddv]1)[(21222所以,4422222ddvQsmddgh/0327.01401.081.948.041)(32212题4-27图题4-28图4-28直立的突然扩大管路,已知mmd1501,mmd3002,mh5.1,smv/32,试确定水银比压计中的水银液面哪一侧较高,差值为多少?解:对1-1、2-2截面列伯努利方