研究生英语考试文章总结summary-writing如何写

HowtowriteasummaryInthearticle,thewriterarguesthattherearesynergiesbetweengenderequity,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainability.Thewriterfindsthatwomenareunequaltomenineveryway.(Theyareunderprivilegedandputundersocialandmoralrestrictions.)Hebelievesthatanexplorationintobiomassenergycanshedlightonthesynergybetweengender,povertyandenvironmentissues.Tobeginwith,environmentaldeteriorationlikedeforestationreducesbiomassenergydramatically,sendingpoorwomentocollectwoodfuelforlonghoursinsteadofstudyingorworking,perpetuatingtheirpoverty.Atthesametime,womenbecomemorevulnerableasvictimsofindoorair-pollution.Theycanaccessfewerresourcesofbiomassenergyduetoprivatizationofcommunallands.Evenindevelopedcountries,theyhavetolivewithinequalityinsuchrealmsasenergy,educationandlabordivision.Theworseningenvironmentandchangingclimateaffectwomennegativelybyincreasingwaterscarcity,increasingthediseaseburden,etc.Butwomencanhelpreversethedownwardtrendbytakingpublictransportationmoreandpromotingrenewableenergy.Discriminatoryinheritance,propertyownershipandlimitedaccesstoagriculturalsupportsystemsrenderwomenunabletoensurefoodsafety,soilconservationandlandsustainability.Lackofcleanwaterfurtheraddstowomen'sburdens:manyofthemhavetospendasmuchasthreeormorehoursjusttofetchwater,puttingthematgreatriskofdevelopingvariousdiseases,furtherdeprivingthemofthetimeavalabletobettertheirlifefinanciallyandemotionally.Uncleanwater,pollutantsintheenvironment,climatechangesandpoornutritionworktogethertoposeathreattowomen'shealth,espeacillypregnantwomen.IgnoranceofAIDSafflictmanywomeninAfrica,affectingagricultureinthisland.Intheprocessofurbanization,manywomenareleftbehindtotakecareofeverythingsingle-handedly.Thosewhomigratetocitiesfacenewchallengesaswell,likeeconomicexploitationandmeanlylivingconditions.Disastersaremorelikelytostrikepoorwomenharderwholiveinpoor-qualityhousesanddisaster-proneareas.Tomakethingsworse,theyareill-informedanddonotreactasquicklyastheyshouldinanemergencyduetothesocialrestrictionsonwomenaboutpropriety.Thewritercallsforforward-lookingstrategiestointegrategenderintoenvironmentalanalysis.Tobemorespecific:Allowmoreparticipationinenvironmentalpoliciesandactionsonwomen'spart;putthegovernmentpriorityonfosteringgenderequityandsubsidizeit;resorttoascientificparadigmaswellasasocialapproachintheenvironmentalanalysis.Inthearticle,thewriterarguesthatattentiontogenderissuessharpensenvironmentalstudiesandhelpsrelievepoverty.………………Toconclude,agenderperspectivewillgoalongwaytowardmakingsmarterenvironmentalpoliciesandprograms,alleviatingpovertyatthesametime.Theyareinterlockedandinteractive.StepsinWritingaSummary►1.Readthearticle►2.RereadtheArticle.-Dividethearticleintosegmentsorsectionsofideas.Eachsegmentdealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme.Asegmentcancompriseoneormoreparagraphs.-Labeleachsegment.Useageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesegment.Writethelabelinthemarginnexttothesegment.-Highlightorunderlinethemainpointsandkeyphrases.►3.WriteOne-Sentencesummaries.-Writeaone-sentencesummaryforeachsegmentofthoughtonaseparatesheetofpaper.►4.writesupportingideas-Coveralloftheauthor’smajorsupportingideas.-Showtherelationshipsamongtheseideas.-Omitspecifics,suchasillustrations,descriptions,anddetailedexplanations.-Indicatetheauthor’spurposeinwriting:toinform,topersuade,ortoentertain.Ifthepassageisapersuasivepiece,reporttheauthor’sbiasorpositionontheissue.-Omitallpersonalopinions,ideas,andinferences.Letthereaderknowthatyouarereportingtheauthor’sideas.►5.FormulatetheThesisStatement.-Formulateacentralthemethatweavestheone-sentencesegment-summariestogether.Thisisyourthesisstatement.-Inmanyarticles,theauthorwillstatethisdirectly.Youmaywishtotakehisdirectstatementofthethesisandrestateitinyourownwords.-Inotherarticles,youmayhavetowriteyourownone-sentencethesisstatementthatsummarizesthiscentraltheme.severalaspectstoaneffectivethesisstatement:-Itcomprisestwoparts:a)thetopicorgeneralsubjectmatterofthetextb)theauthor’smajorassertion,comment,orpositiononthetopic.-Thiscentralthemeissummarizedclearlyandaccuratelyinaone-sentencethesisstatement.-Thethesisstatementdoesnotcontainspecificdetailsdiscussedinthetext.-Thethesisstatementisstatedatthebeginningofthesummary.►6.WriteYourFirstDraft.-Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle,author,source,anddateofpublicationofthearticlesummarized.-Combinethethesisstatement,yourone-sentencesegmentsummariesandsupportingideasintoaone-to-two-paragraphsummary.-Eliminateallunnecessarywordsandrepetitions.-Eliminateallpersonalideasandinferences.-Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.-Concludewitha“summingup”sentencebystatingwhatcanbelearnedfromreadingthearticle.Writeinthepresenttense.►7.EditYourDraft.Checkyoursummarybyaskingthefollowingquestions:-HaveIansweredthewho,what,when,why,andhowquestions?-Ismygrammar,punctuation,andspellingcorrect?-HaveIleftoutmypersonalviewsandideas?-Doesmysummary“hangtogether”?DoesitflowwhenIreaditaloud?TheHawaiianMuu-muuasaWritingAidMary