台湾智能交通发展规划与现状

IntroductionTheplanningaspectsoftransportengineeringrelatetourbanplanning,andinvolvetechnicalforecastingdecisionsandpoliticalfactors.Humanfactorsareanaspectoftransportengineering,particularlyconcerningdriver-vehicleinterfaceanduserinterfaceofroadsigns,signals,andmarkings.Technicalforecastingofpassengertravelusuallyinvolvesanurbantransportationplanningmodel,requiringtheestimationoftripgeneration(howmanytripsforwhatpurpose),tripdistribution(destinationchoice,whereisthetravelergoing),modechoice(whatmodeisbeingtaken),androuteassignment(whichstreetsorroutesarebeingused).Moresophisticatedforecastingcanincludeotheraspectsoftravelerdecisions,includingautoownership,tripchaining(thedecisiontolinkindividualtripstogetherinatour)andthechoiceofresidentialorbusinesslocation(knownaslanduseforecasting).Transportationengineering,aspracticedbycivilengineers,primarilyinvolvesplanning,design,construction,maintenance,andoperationoftransportationfacilities.Operationsandmanagementinvolvetrafficengineering,sothatvehiclesmovesmoothlyontheroadortrack.Oldertechniquesincludesigns,signals,markings,andtolling.Newertechnologiesinvolveintelligenttransportationsystems(ITS),includingadvancedtravelerinformationsystems(suchasvariablemessagesigns),advancedtrafficcontrolsystems(suchasrampmeters),andvehicleinfrastructureintegration.ITS(Intelligenttransportationsystem)•ITSreferstoeffortstoaddinformationandcommunicationstechnologytotransportinfrastructureandvehiclesinanefforttomanagefactorsthattypicallyareatodds(不一致)witheachother,suchasvehicles,loads,androutestoimprovesafetyandreducevehiclewear,transportationtimes,andfuelconsumption.•ITScomesfromtheproblemscausedbytrafficcongestion(擁塞)andasynergy(協同增效作用)ofnewinformationtechnologyforsimulation,real-timecontrol,andcommunicationsnetworks.WhatisITS?智慧型運輸系統(ITS,IntelligentTransportationSystem)乃是應用先進的電子、通信、資訊與感測等技術，以整合人、路、車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)資訊以增進運輸系統的安全、效率及舒適性，同時也減少交通對環境的衝擊。67ITS概念模式8Congestionreducesefficiencyoftransportationinfrastructureandincreasestraveltime,airpollution,andfuelconsumption.Roadoperators,infrastructure,vehicles,theirdriversandotherroaduserswillcooperatetodeliverthemostefficient,safe,secureandcomfortablejourney.Thevehicle-vehicleandvehicle-infrastructureco-operativesystemswillcontributetotheseobjectivesbeyondtheimprovementsachievablewithstand-alonesystems.為什麼要發展ITS交通擁擠交通事故能源消耗空氣汙染10運輸需求大幅增加，道路建設緩不濟急，交通擁擠造成運輸機動性與經濟生產力的降低。車禍死傷嚴重，造成龐大的社會成本與負擔。公路運輸過度消耗石油能源，造成國家整體資源分配的不均衡。大量的汽、機車排放廢氣，威脅大自然與環境的永續發展。ITS目標增進交通安全(減少交通事故，提昇行車安全)降低環境衝擊(減少空氣、噪音污染，提高能源使用效率)改善運輸效率(降低交通擁擠，提高運輸機動性)提昇經濟生產力(促進相關產業發展，增加就業機會)11Factorsforbothmotorizationandurbanization:industrialeconomyreplacedtheagriculturaleconomy.Populationtomovefromrurallocationsintourbancenters.motorizationwascausingcitiestoexpand.Suburbs(近郊住宅區)providedareasonablecompromisebetweenpopulationdensityandaccesstoemployment,goods,andservices.suburbaninfrastructurecouldbebuiltquickly,supportingarapidtransitionfromarural/agriculturaleconomytoanindustrial/urbaneconomy.Further,ITScanplayaroleintherapidmassevacuationofpeopleinurbancentersafterlargecasualtyeventssuchasaresultofanaturaldisasterorthreat.MuchoftheinfrastructureandplanninginvolvedwithITSparallelstheneedforhomelandsecuritysystems.Inthedevelopingworld,themigrationofpeoplefromruraltourbanizedhabitatshasprogresseddifferentlyandsupportedbyamultimodalsystemofwalking,bicycletransportation,motorcycles,buses,andtrains.14ITS的技術骨幹資訊收集：感測技術資訊處理：電腦技術資訊傳輸：通信技術15九大服務領域16執行架構17ThesuccessofITSisheavilydependentontheavailabilityoftimelyandaccurateestimatesoftrafficconditions.Theneededsystemistoutilizeadvancedtrafficmodelstoanalyzedata,especiallyreal-timetrafficdata,fromdifferentsourcestoestimateandpredicttrafficconditionssothatproactive(前瞻性)AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems(ATMS)andAdvancedTravelerInformationSystems(ATIS)strategiescanbeimplementedtomeetvarioustrafficcontrol,management,andoperationobjectives.先進交通管理系統(AdvancedTrafficManagementSystems,ATMS)ATMS為智慧型運輸系統(ITS)的核心與基礎。利用偵測、通訊及控制等技術，將交通監控所得之交通狀況，經由通訊網路傳輸到控制中心，制定及評估交通控制策略，執行整體性的交通管理。相關資訊傳送給用路人與相關道路管理單位，以達到運輸效率最大化及運輸安全之目的。19Activetrafficmanagement(ATM),alsoknownasmanagedlanesorsmartlanes,isaschemeforimprovingtrafficflowandreducingcongestiononmotorways.Ithasbeenimplementedinseveralcountries,includingGermany,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStates.Itmakesuseofautomaticsystemsandhumaninterventiontomanagetrafficflowandensurethesafetyofroadusers.交通管理功能與其他各功能間的關係21ATMS之涵蓋範圍22有效改善交通擁擠問題提高交通服務水準交通資訊需求管理高速公路匝道控制幹道號誌控制ATMS之相關技術電腦交通號誌匝道儀控事件自動偵測動態交通預測自動車輛定位可變訊息標誌地理資訊系統行進間測重自動車輛分類電子式自動收費自動車輛辨識最佳路線導引2324IntelligenttransportationapplicationsElectronictollcollection(ETC)makesitpossibleforvehiclestodrivethroughtollgatesattrafficspeed,reducingcongestionattollplazasandautomatingtollcollection.MostETCsystemswerebasedonusingradiodevicesinvehiclesthatwoulduseproprietary(專利的)protocolstoidentifyavehicleasitpassedunderagantryovertheroadway.ManyETCsystemsusetransponderslikethisonetoelectronicallydebittheaccountsofregisteredcarswithouttheirstoppingNorwaynowha