搜索
READINGSELECTIONATheFunctionsandEffectsofMusicBySamuelL.Beckerfunction（s）:(1)vt.;(2)n.功能、功效Givenname;sir-name/Christianname/Familyname/lastnameeffect-effective-efficient-efficiency(n.)[1]Youarewellawareof(=realize)thefactthatbooks,newspapers,magazines,motionpictures(film/movie),radio,andtelevisionhavebeenusedfor(dissuade-persuade)persuasivepurposes:tosellbeerandsoap(~watch),ideasandpoliticalcandidates;tobringabout(cause/leadto)socialchangeortoquell(=suppress)arevolution.Fewofusthinkaboutmusicorrecordingsbeingusedforthesepurposes,buttheyareandhavebeenforalongtime.[2]Everywarhashaditssongsthatwhippedup(arouse)patrioticfervor(=enthusiasm)or,inthecase(example)oftheVietnamWar,thatencouragedprotestagainstit.Sometitles(names)ofrecordspopularinthiscountry(theUSA)duringWorldWarIIsuggest(show)theextent(degree)ofthemobilizationoftherecordingindustryforthewareffort(n.):RememberPearlHarbor,HavetoSlapThatDirtyLittleJap,There'saStarSpangledBannerWavingSomewhere,AnyBondsToday,and'Roundand'RoundHitler'sGrave.[Bonds:[C]bond(betweenAandB)somethingthatformsaconnectionbetweenpeopleorgroups,suchasafeelingoffriendshiporsharedideasandexperiences:e.g.Abondoffriendshiphadbeenforgedbetweenthem.E.g.Theagreementstrengthenedthebondsbetweenthetwocountries.E.g.thespecialbondbetweenmotherandchild][3]Theanti-Vietnamprotestsofthesixtiesandearlyseventiesbroughtforth(=broughtabout)quiteanotherkindofsong.OnewasBigMuddy,aboutagroupofsoldiersblindlyfollowingtheircommandingofficerintoariverwheremanyweredrowned.Those(=thosepeople)whosangandheardthesongknewthattheBigMuddyreferredtoVietnamandthecommandertoPresidentLyndonJohnson,andtheirantiwarpassionswereintensified(=strengthened).WhereHaveAlltheFlowersGone,TheTimes,TheyareA-Changin',andGivePeaceaChancewereotherpopularsongswhoserecordingswerewidelyplayedandusedtobuild(arouse)resistancetothewar.[4]Musicisusednotonlytoadd(increase)persuasivebitsofinformationforthemessages(belief)inourheadsaboutwar.Persuasivemusicplaysanimportantrole(part)inpeacetimealso(too).WeShallOvercomewasatremendously(great)importantforceinthecivilrightsmovement,justasthefolk(=people)songsofJoanBaez,PeteSeeger,andWoodyGuthriehavebeenimportanttothepeacemovement.Inrecenttimes,musichasbeenusedtoraisemoneyaswellas(=and)consciousness(conscience)forvariouscauses(vt./n.事业).TheLiveAid(help),FarmAid,BandAid,andUSAforAfricaconcerns(worries/relief)andrecordingsessions(=concerts)raisedfunds[(1)n.资金；(2)vt.资助]forsuchcausesasfaminerelief(relieve)inAfricaanddestitute(poor)Americanfarmers.[5]Somewhat(=alittle/-somehow=forreasonsunknown)furtherbackinthiscountry'shistory,theradicalleftadopted(used/madeuseof)manyoldNegrospirituals(songs)tocommunicateitsmessage(thought)effectively.WeShallNotBeMoved,forexample,wasadopted(~child)astheofficialsongoftheradicalSouthernTenantFarmersUnioninthe1930s.Inthe1930salso,Gimme(Gee,Wow)ThatOldTimeReligionwastransformed(turned)intoGimmeThatNewCommunistSpirit.Thatsort(kind)ofadaptationofsongs—givingthemnewlyrics(words)--hasbeenafavoritetactic(strategy)ofmanygroupswhowanttousemusicforpersuasivepurposes.Theidea(belief)istotakeasongthatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaning(significance)oremotionalassociationforthemanduseitwithnewwords,hopingthatsomeoftheliking(favor),meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothenewideasbeingcommunicated.Anditoftenworks.Threats(-threaten)ofCensorship[6]Suchpoliticalusesofmusichavenevercausedmuchcontroversy(-controversial)inthiscountry(theUSA).Therehasbeensomepressureattimes(often)tokeepcertainanti-warsongsorsongsassociatedwiththeradicalleftofftheair,butthispressurehasbeenneitherstrongnorpersistent.Farmorepressureandcontroversy(resistance)hasbeenarousedbythelyricsofsomeofthepopularsongsofthelasttwentyorthirtyyears.Manycriticshavecharged(beinchargeofsth.)thatcertainrock-and-rollsongsencouragesexualpromiscuityandtheuseofdrugs.[dragking堕落之王]Rightly(just)orwrongly,thedressandantics(unusualbehavior)ofsomeoftherockmusicstars,bothonandoffthestage,reinforce(confirm)thesebeliefs.Asaresult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressureonstationstokeepthesesongsandperformersofftheair.ThesechargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbytheFederalCommunicationsCommission(-committee;SingaporeHighTradeCommission),theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeing(supervising)broadcastpractices(经营行为).TheFCChastakentheposition,unpopularwithmanybroadcasters,thatthestationlicenseehasthesamepublicserviceresponsibilityinselectingandrejectingmusictobeplayedonthestationasithasinselectingandrejectinganyothercontentofthestation.TheFCCposition(=attitude)isthatthestationshouldexercise(vt.)thesame(supervise-)supervisionofwhatissungonthestationasofwhatissaid.Inageneralsense(=generallyspeaking),thisisareasonablepositionandtheonlyonetheFCCcouldtake,given(=ifconsiderationisgiventothefactthat…就…而言)presentlaw.Aproblemarises(occurs)withtheinterpretation(explanation)ofthisinjunction(law),however.Doesit(law)meanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsorinasportsprogram?Ordoesitmeanthestations