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TheFunctionsandEffectsofMusicBySamuelL.BeckerGivenname:sirname/Christianname?Familyname/lastname[1]Youarewellawareof(=realize)thefactthatbooks,newspapers,magazines,motionpictures(film/movie),radio,andtelevisionhavebeenusedforpersuasivepurposes:tosellbeerandsoap(~watch),ideasandpoliticalcandidates;tobringabout(cause/leadto)socialchangeortoquellarevolution.Fewofusthinkaboutmusicorrecordingsbeingusedforthesepurposes,buttheyareandhavebeenforalongtime.[2]Everywarhashaditssongsthatwhippedup(arouse)patrioticfervoror,inthecase(example)oftheVietnamWar,thatencouragedprotestagainstit.SometitlesofrecordspopularinthiscountryduringWorldWarIIsuggest(show)theextent(degree)ofthemobilizationoftherecordingindustryforthewareffort:RememberPearlHarbor,HavetoSlapThatDirtyLittleJap,There'saStarSpangledBannerWavingSomewhere,AnyBondsToday,and'Roundand'RoundHitler'sGrave.[Bonds:[C]bond(betweenAandB)somethingthatformsaconnectionbetweenpeopleorgroups,suchasafeelingoffriendshiporsharedideasandexperiences:e.g.Abondoffriendshiphadbeenforgedbetweenthem.E.g.Theagreementstrengthenedthebondsbetweenthetwocountries.E.g.thespecialbondbetweenmotherandchild][3]Theanti-Vietnamprotestsofthesixtiesandearlyseventiesbroughtforth(=broughtabout)quiteanotherkindofsong.OnewasBigMuddy,aboutagroupofsoldiersblindlyfollowingtheircommandingofficerintoariverwheremanyweredrowned.Those(=thosepeople)whosangandheardthesongknewthattheBigMuddyreferredtoVietnamandthecommandertoPresidentLyndonJohnson,andtheirantiwarpassionswereintensified(=strengthened).WhereHaveAlltheFlowersGone,TheTimes,TheyareA-Changin',andGivePeaceaChancewereotherpopularsongswhoserecordingswerewidelyplayedandusedtobuild(arouse)resistancetothewar.[4]Musicisusednotonlytoadd(increase)persuasivebitsofinformationforthemessagesinourheadsaboutwar.Persuasivemusicplaysanimportantrole(part)inpeacetimealso(too).WeShallOvercomewasatremendously(great)importantforceinthecivilrightsmovement,justasthefolk(people)songsofJoanBaez,PeteSeeger,andWoodyGuthriehavebeenimportanttothepeacemovement.Inrecenttimes,musichasbeenusedtoraisemoneyaswellas(=and)consciousness(conscience)forvariouscauses.TheLiveAid(help),FarmAid,BandAid,andUSAforAfricaconcerns(worries)andrecordingsessionsraisedfundsforsuchcausesasfaminereliefinAfricaanddestitute(poor)Americanfarmers.[5]Somewhat(alittle/-somehow=forreasonsunknown)furtherbackinthiscountry'shistory,theradicalleftadopted(used/madeuseof)manyoldNegrospirituals(songs)tocommunicateitsmessageeffectively.WeShallNotBeMoved,forexample,wasadoptedastheofficialsongoftheradicalSouthernTenantFarmersUnioninthe1930s.Inthe1930salso,GimmeThatOldTimeReligionwastransformedintoGimmeThatNewCommunistSpirit.Thatsort(kind)ofadaptationofsongs—givingthemnewlyrics(words)--hasbeenafavoritetactic(strategy)ofmanygroupswhowanttousemusicforpersuasivepurposes.Theidea(belief)istotakeasongthatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaningoremotionalassociationforthemanduseitwithnewwords,hopingthatsomeoftheliking,meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothenewideasbeingcommunicated.Anditoftenworks.ThreatsofCensorship[6]Suchpoliticalusesofmusichavenevercausedmuchcontroversyinthiscountry.Therehasbeensomepressureattimes(often)tokeepcertainanti-warsongsorsongsassociatedwiththeradicalleftofftheair,butthispressurehasbeenneitherstrongnorpersistent.Farmorepressureandcontroversy(Resistance)hasbeenarousedbythelyricsofsomeofthepopularsongsofthelasttwentyorthirtyyears.Manycriticshavecharged(beinchargeofsth.)thatcertainrock-and-rollsongsencouragesexualpromiscuityandtheuseofdrugs.Rightlyorwrongly,thedressandantics(unusualbehavior)ofsomeoftherockmusicstars,bothonandoffthestage,reinforce(confirm)thesebeliefs.Asaresult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressureonstationstokeepthesesongsandperformersofftheair.ThesechargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbytheFederalCommunicationsCommission,theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeing(supervising)broadcastpractices.TheFCChastakentheposition,unpopularwithmanybroadcasters,thatthestationlicenseehasthesamepublicserviceresponsibilityinselectingandrejectingmusictobeplayedonthestationasithasinselectingandrejectinganyothercontentofthestation.TheFCCpositionisthatthestationshouldexercisethesamesupervisionofwhatissungonthestationasofwhatissaid.Inageneralsense(=generallyspeaking),thisisareasonablepositionandtheonlyonetheFCCcouldtake,given(=ifconsiderationisgiventothefactthat…)presentlaw.Aproblemarises(occurs)withtheinterpretation(explanation)ofthisinjunction,however.Doesitmeanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsorinasportsprogram?Ordoesitmeanthestationshouldrecognize(realize)thatdifferentformsofcommunicationorentertainment,orprogramsdesignedfordifferentkindsofaudiences,shouldhavedifferentstandardsconcerning(about)languageandideas?Thisissue(problem)isstillfarfrom(being)settled.[7]Havingbeenlargelyunsuccessfulinkeepingsexuallysuggestivesongsorsongsthatseemtobepromotingdruguseofftheair,someparents'groupsinrecentyearshavebeenattempting(trying)toforce(make)companiestolabelt