母猪的营养-Frank_Aherne博士

NutritionoftheSow母猪的营养美国大豆协会中国办事处畜禽技术主任PhilipMcKinnon,Ph.DLivestockTechnicalDirectorASAChina美国大豆协会FrankAherne博士讲稿改编AdaptedfromDr.FrankAherneASAConsultant母猪的饲喂FeedingSows确定母猪饲喂水平和营养需要的根据是：Thefeedinglevelsandnutrientrequirementsofsowsshouldbedeterminedby:妊娠期：母猪体重和目标增重InGestation:sowweight+targetweightgain泌乳期：母猪体重和泌乳量InLactation:sowweight+milkyield数据越全面，母猪能量和营养需要量就确定得越准确Themoredataavailable,thebettertheestimateofthesows’energyandnutrientrequirements.Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight后备母猪到115千克体重的饲喂方案2.46Avg平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosphorus磷Calcium钙Lysine赖氨酸Protein蛋白质Feed/d(kg)日采食(千克)Wt.(kg)体重(千克)Commontargetsforreplacementgilts后备母猪通常的体况标准Giltsselectedonfarmat145–155daysweight95to105kg11to13mmP2backfat小母猪到达繁殖猪场时应为145-155日龄,届时体重应为95-105千克，P2背膘厚应为11-13毫米Forgiltsyoungerthan145daysofageand/orwithlessthan14mmP2backfatat110to115kg(finalselection)对于145日龄时体重小于110-115千克体重或背膘厚小于14毫米的小母猪(最后选育时)Feedafatenhancingdietuntilthegiltshave16t017mmP2应饲喂脂肪强化日粮直到P2背膘厚达到16-17毫米GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)选择后的小母猪日粮(115千克体重到配种).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)钙(%).55.65Lysine(%)赖氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白质(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)14mm14mmBackfat(P2)P2背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪强化日粮GiltDeveloper发育期日粮Theeffectsofageatbreedingonlongevityandperformance2357records,L42PICsows(AlbertaPigCompany2000)PIC42系母猪,2357份记录2313039490782083#animals母猪头数2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removedparity淘汰时已产窝数34.037.841.244.843.341.5Totalliveborn/lifetime终生活产仔数12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Totalliveborn/litter终生平均窝产活仔数82.546.6453528.825.7Entrytoconception(d)入群至受胎天数296268238209183158Aveserviceage(d)平均首配日龄217215197176160141Entryage(d)入群日龄286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Rangeinserviceage(d)首配日龄范围首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响Holderetal.1995.175939%farrowing5litters产5胎比例.028.120.8WSI断奶至配种天数NS8.58.5#Weaned窝断奶仔数NS14.314.1Ovulationrate排卵率.04144158Ageatpuberty(d)初情日龄PEarly早成熟Control对照Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能Whentobreed??何时配种??•Ourrecommendation我们的建议–Preferredage/weightatbreeding配种时适宜的日龄和体重•190days大于190日龄•120to130kg体重120-130千克•16to18mmP2backfatP2背膘厚16-18毫米•secondestrus第二情期PerformanceGoals性能目标40Annualreplacementrate%年更新率5Lifetimelitters一生所产窝数10.8Firstlittersize(totalborn)头胎窝产仔数(总数)90%cyclingwithin28dofentry入群后28天内开始发情的比例200–230dMeanageatfirstmating首配平均日龄170–180dMeanageatpuberty初情平均日龄150–160dAgeatstartofpubertystimulation开始初情诱导时的日龄妊娠期Gestation1010.210.410.610.81111.211.411.611.81212345678910Weantoservice(d)Numberbornalive6065707580859095100Farrowingrate(%)断奶到配种间隔天数目标是，各胎次母猪分娩时的P2背膘厚都应为18-20毫米(用超声波背膘测试仪检测)Aimfor18-20mmP2backfatforallparitysowsatfarrowing,measuredwithultrasonicbackfattester.妊娠期采食量对母猪生产率的影响母猪体增重(千克)窝产仔数仔猪初生重(千克)日采食量(千克)正常范围妊娠期蛋白质摄入量对母猪生产率的影响母猪体增重(千克)窝产仔数仔猪初生重(千克)正常范围日粮粗蛋白(%)妊娠母猪饲料需要量(0-100天)Feedrequirementsforgestatingsows(d0-d100)2.42.62.72.82.9200-225V.Heavy很重2.32.42.52.62.7175-200Heavy重2.12.22.32.42.5150-175Medium中1.92.12.22.32.4115-150Light轻17-1815-1613-1411-1210BreedingBackfatP2(mm)配种时P2背膘厚(毫米)Breedingweight(kg)配种时体重(千克)日粮含蛋白质13.5%；赖氨酸0.55；代谢能3兆卡/千克Dietcontains13.5%protein,0.55%lysine3McalME/kg妊娠后期的饲喂方式PatternofFeedingLateGestation从妊娠90天到分娩期间，每天的标准饲喂水平必须增加1.0-1.5千克以预防动用体脂.Standardfeedinglevelsmustbeincreasedby1.0to1.5kgfeedperdayfromd90ofgestationuntilfarrowingtopreventmobilizationofbodyfat.胎儿和胎膜的重量(克)受胎后天数泌乳期LACTATION最大限度增加采食量maximizefeedintakes泌乳期采食量对泌乳量和母猪失重的影响摘自：Whittemore,1984母猪泌乳期失重(千克)日泌乳量(千克)日采食量(千克)许多母猪都不能摄入足够的能量和养分以满足自身的需要Manysowsdonotconsumesufficientenergyand/ornutrientstomeettheirrequirements•后果Consequence–失重过多会导致泌乳量和繁殖性能降低,并提早被淘汰。Excessiveweightloss,whichmayleadtoreducedmilkyield,poorreproductiveperformanceandearlycullingfromtheherd.泌乳期采食量对繁殖性能的影响Effectoffeedintakeduringlactationonreproductiveperformance2.967.281.4EmbryoSurvival胚胎存活率0.917.216.4OvulationRate排卵率4.265.584.5PregnancyRate%妊娠率(%)1.89.05.1DaystoEstrus断奶到发情天数9293Sows母猪数SEM标准误Restricted限饲AdLibitum自由采食UniversityofAlberta,1990加拿大Alberta大学在泌乳期的任何一周限制养分都会显著影响母猪的繁殖力Nutrientrestrictioninanyweekoflactationwillsignificantlyinfluencesowfertility.Wespeculatethatlossofmaternalproteinreserves,ratherthanlossofmaternallipidreserves,driveslactationalperformanceandsubsequentreproductiveefficiency.我们认为，是母体蛋白质储备的损失而非母体脂肪储备的损失危害了母猪的泌乳期性能和其后的繁殖性能。头胎泌乳母猪蛋白质损失和卵巢功能的关系Relationshipbetweenproteinlossandovarianfunctioninlactatingfirst-littersows.027.623.724.7Numberoffollicles4-6mm直径4-6毫米卵泡的数量.00815.19.46.9Proteinloss,%(offarrow)蛋白质损失(分娩时的%)NS1.711.440.96Backfatloss,mm背膘厚减少(毫米).00228.217.012.7Wtloss,kg体重减轻(千克)PP值低蛋白LowProtein中蛋白MediumProtein高蛋白HighProteinLactationDiets泌乳期日粮ClowesandAherne1999由于母猪泌乳期体重损失中既损失了蛋白质，也损失了脂肪，所以脂肪损失和以后繁殖性能之间的强相关可能明确地反映了蛋白质损失到了阈值以下。Becausesowweightlossinlactationusuallyconsistsofbothproteinandfat,astrongcorrelationbetweenfatlossandsubsequentreproductiveperformancemaysimplyreflectthelossofproteinbelowherthreshold泌乳早期采食量的重要性Importanceofearlylactationfeedintake•采食量低或高的母猪在泌乳第一周的差别最大Differencebetweenpoorandhighconsumingsowsgreaterduring