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1.Anglo-SaxonEnglishorOldEnglish盎格鲁-撒克逊英语或旧英语:TheAnglo-Saxon(OldEnglish)periodroughlydatesfromthecomingoftheAngles,SaxonsandJutestoEngland(about450A.D.)toabout1100.OldEnglishcontainssomefiftyorsixtythousandwords,whichwerechieflyAnglo-SaxonwithasmallmixtureofearlyScandinavianwords,andborrowedaconsiderablenumberofLatinwords.2.Epic叙事诗;史诗;:longnarrativepoemsthatrecordtheadventuresorheroicdeedsofaheroinvastlandscapes.Thestyleofepicisgrandandelevated.e.g.Homer’sIliadandOdyssey;Dante’sDivineComedy;BeowulfandJohnMilton’sParadiseLost3.Alliteration:referstoarepeatedinitialconsonanttosuccessivewordsanditisthemoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticform.Inalliterativeverse,certainaccentwordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration.ItisaregularrecurringstructuralfeatureoftheOldEnglishverse.4.Metaphor隐喻:Afigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebasicallydissimilar.Ametaphordoesnotuseaconnectivewordsuchas“like”,“as”,orresemblesinmakingthecomparison.Manymetaphorsareimplied,orsuggested.5.Understatement保守的陈述:itistheoppositeofhyperboleoroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbyaweakerstatement,orbydeliberatelyunderstatingit.ThisqualityisoftenregardedasapermanentcharacteristicoftheEnglish.6.Romance爱情小说:wastheprevailingformofliteratureintheMiddleAges.Theromancewastheupper-classliteraryform.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Theessentialfeaturesare:①Itlacksgeneralresemblancetotruthorreality.②Itexaggeratesthevicesofhumannatureandidealizesthevirtues.③Itcontainsperilousadventuresmoreorlessremotefromordinarylife.④Itlaysemphasisonsupremedevotiontoafairlady.⑤Thecentralcharacteroftheromanceistheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons.Heiscommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Heisdevotedtothechurchandtheking.7.Ballad民谣:itisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind,asthestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueltyofjealousy,thecriticismofthecivilwar,andthemattersofclassstruggle.e.g.TheRobinHoodBallads8.Allegory寓言:itisafigurativenarrativeordescription,conveyingaveiledmoralmeaning.Thisfictionalliterarynarrativeactsasanextendedmetaphorinwhichpersons,abstractideasoreventsrepresentnotonlythemselvesontheliterallevel,butalsostandforsomethingelseonthesymboliclevel.Anallegoryreadingusuallyinvolvesmoralorspiritualconceptsthatmaybemoresignificantthantheactual,literaleventsdescribedinanarrative.e.g.JohnBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress9.Heroiccouplet（两行相互押韵、每行分五音节的）英雄偶句诗:itisapairofrhymedlinesofiambicpentameter.TheformwasintroducedintoEnglishbyChaucer,andwidelyusedsubsequently,reachingaheightofpopularityintheworksofDrydenandPope.1.Renaissance文艺复兴:inEuropeanhistory,referstotheperiodbetween14thcenturyto17thcentury.ItfirststartedinItaly.“Renaissance”means“revival”,therevivalofinterestinAncientGreekandRomancultureandgettingridofconservatisminfeudalisticEuropeandintroducingnewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.2.Humanism人道主义，人本主义，人文主义;人文学;：isthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.Humanismreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass,whichsawtheworldopeningbeforeit.Accordingtothehumanists,bothmanandworldarehinderedonlybyexternalchecksfrominfiniteimprovement.Mancouldmouldtheworldaccordingtohisdesires,andattainhappinessbyremovingallexternalchecksbytheexerciseofreason.3.Utopia:BookOne:1)乌托邦（理想中美好的社会）;ApictureofcontemporaryEngland:Thepovertyamongthepoor;Thegreedandluxuryamongtherich;Theeagernessforwaroftherulers;Thesufferingofthepeasantsfortheenclosuremovement.2)Anexposureoftheevilrealityofhistime,therichmen’sconspiracyagainstthepoor.BookTwo:1)Moreprovidedusasketchofanidealcommonwealthwherepropertywasheldincommonandtherewasnopoverty.2)Moreshowedaprinciple,“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”.3)Moresolvedtheproblemoftheseparationoftownandcountrybyco-operationbetweenthem.4)MoreemphasizedtheimportanceoflaborforeverymemberoftheUtopiansociety.AndtheUtopiansspenttheirsparetimeinstudyofliterature,artandscience.4.Sonnet十四行诗;短诗;商籁体;:itisapoemof14lines,typicallyinrhymediambicpentameter.ThesonnetwasintroducedtoEnglandbySirT.WyattanddevelopedbyHenryHowardandwasthereafterwidelyusednotablyinthesonnetsequencesofShakespeare,Sidney,andSpenser.5.SpenserianStanza（英国诗人）斯宾塞诗体;:thisstanzaisinventedbyEdmundSpenser,inwhichhewroteTheFaerieQueene.Itconsistsofeightfive-footiambiclines,followedbyaniambiclineofsixfeet,rhymingababbcbcc.6.TheMiraclePlay奇迹剧:MiracleplaysaresimplyplaysbasedonBiblepopularinEnglandfromthe13thtothelate16thcentury,coveringfromCreationtotheLastJudgment.TheywerefirstperformedinthechurchesintheMiddleAges,butlaterforbiddeninsidethechurch.Sotheywenttothemarketplace.Peopleenjoyedthemverymuch.Miracleplays,togetherwithotherkindsofearlyplays,keepalive