水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇1.HydrologicalCycleandBudget1.水文循环与预算Hydrologyisanearthscience.Itencompassestheoccurrence,distribution,movement,andpropertiesofthewatersoftheearthandtheirenvironmentalrelations.Closelyalliedfieldsincludegeology,climatology,meteorologyandoceanography.水文学是一门地球科学。它包含地球水资源的发生、分布、运动和特质,以及其环境关系。与之密切相关领域包括地质学,气候学,气象学和海洋学。Thehydrologiccycleisacontinuousprocessbywhichwateristransportedfromtheoceanstotheatmospheretothelandandbacktothesea.Manysub-cyclesexist.Theevaporationofinlandwateranditssubsequentprecipitationoverlandbeforereturningtotheoceanisoneexample.Thedrivingforcefortheglobalwatertransportsystemisprovidedbythesun,whichfurnishestheenergyrequiredforevaporation.Notethatthewaterqualityalsochangesduringpassagethroughthecycle;forexample,seawaterisconvertedtofreshwaterthroughevaporation.水文循环是一个连续的过程,在这个过程中水从海洋被运输到大气中,降落到陆地,然后回到海洋。有很多子循环存在。内陆水域的蒸发机器后在回到海洋前在陆地上的将于就是一个例子。全球水运输系统的运行动力由太阳提供,通过蒸发这个过程赋予水运动能量。需要注意的是,水质在水循环通道中也会改变,比如,海水在蒸发后就会转变成淡水。Thecompletewatercycleisglobalinnature.Worldwaterproblemsrequirestudiesonregional,national,international,continental,andglobalscales.Practicalsignificanceofthefactthatthetotalsupplyoffreshwateravailabletotheearthislimitedandverysmallcomparedwiththesaltwatercontentoftheoceanshasreceivedlittleattention.Thuswatersflowinginonecountrycannotbeavailableatthesametimeforuseinotherregionsoftheworld.Modernhydrologistsareobligatedtocopewithproblemsrequiringdefinitioninvaryingscalesofsignificantorderofmagnitudedifference.Inaddition,developingtechniquestocontrolweathermustreceivecarefulattention,sinceclimatologicalchangesinoneareacanprofoundlyaffectthehydrologyandthereforethewaterresourcesofotherregions.完整的水循环在自然界中是全球性的。世界水问题需要在区域,国家,国际,洲际和全球范围的研究。地球上可利用的淡水总量与海洋中的咸水相比是有限的,并且非常少,这个重要的显示尚未得到人们足够关注。因此,在一个国家流动的水源并不能同时在世界的其他区域被利用。现代水文学应该着力解决显著数量级的差异在不同尺度上的定义问题。此外,发展控制天气的技术必须得到密切关注,因为一个地区的气候变化能够深刻地影响到其他地区的水文循环进而影响到其水资源。Becausethetotalquantityofwateravailabletotheearthisfiniteandindestructible,theglobalhydrologicsystemmaybelookeduponasclosed.Openhydrologicsystemmaybelookeduponasclosed.Openhydrologicsubsystemsareabundant,however,andtheseareusuallythetypeanalyzed.Foranysystem,awaterbudgetcanbedevelopedtoaccountforthehydrologiccomponents.因为地球上可利用的水量是有限且不可避免的,所以全球的水文循环系统可以被看成是闭合的。开放性的水文循环系统可以被看成是闭合的。开放的水文子系统内容丰富,然而这些系统也是经常被分析到的。对于任何系统,水预算都能够转变到对水文组成的计算。Figures1and2showahydrologicbudgetforthecoterminousUnitedStates.Thesefiguresillustratethecomponentsofthewatercyclewithwhichahydrologistisconcerned.Inapracticalsense,somehydrologicregionisdealtwithandabudgetforthatregionisestablished.Suchregionsmaybetopographicallydefined(watershedsandriverbasinsareexamples),politicallyspecified(e.g.countryorcitylimits),orchosenonsomeothergrounds.Watershedsordrainagebasinsaretheeasiesttodealwithsincetheysharplydefinesurfacewaterboundaries.Thesetopographicallydeterminedareasaredrainedbyariver/streamorsystemofconnectingrivers/streamssuchthatalloutflowisdischargedthroughasingleoutlet.Unfortunately,itisoftennecessarytodealwithregionsthatarenotwellsuitedfortrackinghydrologiccomponents.Fortheseareas,thehydrologistwillfindhydrologicbudgetingsomewhatofachallenge.图1和图2展示了美国毗连地区的水文循环。这些图展示了考虑水文的水循环的过程。从实际意义上讲,一些水文区域被处理并且建立了预算。这些区域可以是在地形上确定(如流域和河流盆地)、在政治上确定(如根据国家或者城市限制),或以其他因素确定。流域或者排水流域是最容易确定的,因为它们明显地限定了地表水的边界。这些地形上确定的区域由一条河流/溪流或者相连的河流/溪流排水,因此所有的出流都从某个单一的出口排出。不幸的是,我们经常会处理到不适合通过跟踪水文组成部分的区域。对于这些区域,水文学家会在不同程度上挑战地进行水文预算。Theprimaryinputinahydrologicbudgetisprecipitation.Someoftheprecipitation(e.g.rain,snow,hail)maybeinterceptedbytrees,grass,othervegetation,andstructuralobjectsandwilleventuallyreturntotheatmospherebyevaporation.Onceprecipitationreachestheground,someofitmayfilldepressions(becomedepressionstorage),partmaypenetratetheground(infiltrate)toreplenishsoilmoistureandgroundwaterreservoirs,andsomemaybecomesurfacerunoff,thatis,flowovertheearth’ssurfacetoadefinedchannelsuchasastream.在水文预算中首要的输入是降水。部分降水(如雨、雪、冰雹)会被树木、草地、其它植被以及建筑物截留,并最终会通过蒸发返回大气。若降水到达地面,其中一些会在洼地储存(成为洼地存水),部分会入渗到地下(渗透)补充含水层和地下储水,一些会成为地表径流,即流过地表进入到已有的通道中,比如溪流。Waterenteringthegroundmaytakeseveralpaths.Somemaybedirectlyevaporatedifadequatetransferfromthesoiltothesurfaceismaintained.Thiscaneasilyoccurwhereahighgroundwatertable(freewatersurface)iswithinthelimitsofcapillarytransporttothegroundsurface.Vegetationusingsoilmoistureorgroundwaterdirectlycanalsotransmitinfiltratedwatertotheatmospherebyaprocessknownastranspiration.Infiltratedwatermaylikewisereplenishsoilmoisturedeficienciesandenterstorageprovidedingroundwaterreservoirs,whichinturnmaintaindryweatherstreamflow.Importantbodiesofgroundwaterareusuallyflowingsothatinfiltratedwaterreachingthesaturatedzonemaybetransportedforconsiderabledistancesbeforeitisdischarged.Groundwatermovementissubject,ofcourse,tophysicalandgeologicalconstraints.水进入地表后可能有几个途径(被利用)。如果土壤水到地表的转移能够得到保证,一些可能被直接蒸发。这种现象很容易发生在毛细现象运输到达地表限制水位内的高地下水位情况下。植被直接利用的土壤水或地下水可通过所谓的“蒸腾”过程把如深水转换到大气中去。入渗水同样可以补充不足的土壤水且接入到地下水库提供的容量中,这些水反过来会在干燥天气保持水流运动。重要的地下水体一般都在流动,因此到达饱和区域的入渗水可能会在被运输了相当远的距离后才被排出。地下水的运动自然地会受到物理和地质条件的限制。Waterstoredindepressionswilleventuallyevap