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15-1removal切除metalmachingprocessing切削加工fundamentals基本原理metalworkingprocess金属加工工艺blowhole气孔porosity孔隙eliminate消除,排除ductility延展性fracture破裂,断裂toughness刚度,韧性,austenite奥氏体thermomechanicalprocessing形变热处理工艺ausforming奥氏体形变martensite马氏体marstraining马氏体形变热处理perlite珍珠岩,珠光体pearlite珠光体,珍珠岩ferrite铁素体cementite渗碳体category类别，种类onthebasisof根据direct-compression-typeprocess直接受压型工艺indirect-compressionprocess间接受压型工艺tensiontypeprocess张力型工艺bendingprocess弯曲工艺shearingprocess剪切工艺rightangle直角wiredrawing拉线，拔丝tubedrawing拉管deepdrawing深冲，深拉appliedforce作用力reaction反应，反作用力combinedstress综合应力，组合应力stretchforming拉伸成形，拉伸造型contour轮廓，等高线，等值线rupture破裂，折断，裂缝planeofshear=shearplane剪切面millproduct轧制产品sheet-metal金属薄板，金属片bereferredtoas被称为…processingoperation工艺作业fabrication制造totalsystem综合系统beconcernedwith与…有关，涉及yield屈服simulate模拟15-2appliedplasticity应用塑性力学tractable易处理的plastic-rigidsolid刚塑性体afirstapproximation一级近似strainhardening应变硬化isotropic各向同性的homogeneous均匀的finiteelementmethodmethods有限元法largescaleplasticity大比例塑性变形prescribe规定，指示mechanics力学，机构frictionalcondition摩擦条件limitingdeformation极限变形fracturecriteria断裂判据(准则)theoryofplasticity塑性理论constant-volumerelationship体积不变关系intermof根据，凭借…truestrain真应变conventionalstrain传统应变，名义应变=apparentstrain=nominalstrainnaturalstrain自然应变compressivestress压应力predominate占优势，统治，支配block料块，街区convention协定，惯例，习俗，规定reduction减少，压下，缩减量，还原fractionalreduction缩减分数engineeringstrain工程应变complexity复杂性meet..requirement满足…要求generalsolution（微分方程的）通解orderofcomplexity复杂程度finedetail细节slabmethod主应力法uniform-deformationenergymethod均匀变形能量法slip-linefieldtheory滑移线场理论plane-strain平面应变upper-(lower-)boundsolution上(下)界解matrix矩阵increment增量framework构架，框架widestrip宽带材includedangle=separationangle夹角principalstress主应力longitudinal纵向的positive正的，阳极的turnto求助于，转向，致力于plasticwork塑性功cylindrical圆柱体的transverse横向的yield-stress屈服应力constraint强制，约束anneal退火psi=poundspersquareinch磅/平方英寸idealworkofdeformation理想塑性(变形)功redundantwork附加工，辅助作业indentation压痕punch冲孔，打孔，冲压机，冲床presentation介绍，陈述，表达Geiringervelocityequation盖林格速度方程Hodograph速度图，矢端图，速端曲线admissiblevelocityfield容许速度场monograph=treatise专论，专题论文bibliographic书籍题解的,著述目录的,文献的Henckyequation汉基方程violate违犯的,亵渎的,干扰,违反,妨碍,侵犯callupon要求，号召,拜访limitdesign极限设计upper-bound上界civilengineer土木工程师angleofinclination倾角independentvariable独立变量，自由变量dependentvariable应变量，他变量dissipation耗散，逸散，能量耗散bulge鼓起，突出perpendicularto垂直于，与…正交likewise同样地recast重铸，重算，重做polygon多角形,多边形rigidblock刚性体indenter受托代购商，压头constrain约束impact撞击，冲击concernedwith有关axisymmetric轴对称的adaptation适应，改编，改写本，版本matrixmethod矩阵法ShiroKobayashi小林史郎Incorporateinto合并，缩写成…interpolate窜改,添写进去,插入新语句preform预变形diefill模填充succeeding后续的invariable不变地，总是flowresistance流阻，抗流变性uniaxial单轴的measureout测量出necking颈缩anvil铁砧ductile易延展的homogeneousupsettest均匀墩粗试验frictionalresistance摩擦阻力profile轮廓barrel鼓起的overlap重叠profile侧面internal在中心的approach逼近，靠近upward向上弯axial轴向的barreling鼓起buckle弯曲platen压盘grooving开槽extrapolating外延,外推Teflon=polytetrafluoroethylene特氟隆(聚四氯乙烯)lubricant润滑剂crosshead十字头，卡头servocontrol伺服控制cam凸轮plastometer塑性计plane-straincompressiontest平面应变压缩试验uniaxialcompression单向压缩hottorsiontest高温扭转试验rpm=revolutionsperminuteradial径向的tubular管状的buckling纵向弯曲reorientation重新取向workability可使用性，可加工性15-315-4recoveryprocess回复工艺，恢复过程keeppacewith与..同步，与…齐步前进annealing退火commercialalloy工业合金lead铅tin锡tungsten钨specificheat比热mechanicalequivalentofheat热功当量falloff下降，减少instantaneous瞬间的，即刻的substantially充分地wrought锻件\轧材\冷拔产品的总称creeptest蠕变实验oxidation氧化titanium钛inert惰性surfacefinishing表面抛光，精整embrittle使变脆decarbonization脱碳，脱碳作用，除碳法barrier障碍物，隔离物，屏障dimensionaltolerance尺寸公差excessive过分的adiabatic绝热的solidus固相线crumble破碎hotshortness热脆burning过烧multiplepasses多道次subsequence后继,随后dynamicrecovery动态回复crossslip交滑移climb攀移creepdeformation蠕变变形activationenergy激活能self-diffusion自扩散stacking–faultenergy层错能intermediateannealing中间退火versatility多功能性，多用性temper回火springtemper弹性回火implementation执行，实现critical决定性的superimpose添加,双重,迭叠,重叠cellular细胞的,网状的,蜂窝状的,胞状的substructure亚结构cellwall晶胞壁fcc=facecenteredcubic面心立方crystallographictexture晶体学织构preferedorientation择优取向rolledsheet辊轧板dynamicrecovery动态回复dynamicrecrystallization动态再结晶annihilation湮灭exponential指数的unpinning脱钉bcc=bodycenteredcubic体心立方15-6prestrain预应变non-heat-treatable不可热处理的coredstructure核状偏析组织spheroidization球化处理pipediffusion管扩散soluble可溶的inclusion夹杂物ellipsoidal椭球形fibrous纤维的solvus固溶度曲线age-hardening时效硬化strainphasetransformation应变诱导相变fracturetoughness断裂韧度thermomechanicaltreatment形变热处理16-1hammering锻锤pressing压制turbine涡轮rotor转子forginghammer锻锤drophammer落锤impactblow冲击作用impact碰撞，冲击blow突然打击forgingpress锻压机open-dieforging自由锻，开式模锻closed-dieforging闭模锻造flatdie平模diehalf半模upsetting镦粗prototype试验模型barrel鼓形edging边锻，侧锻fullering压槽锻stock原料，坯料Internal-combustionengine内燃机drawingdown锻拉drawingout拔长concave凹面的swagging旋锻，环锻piercing打孔punching冲孔，穿孔indenting压窝dieblock模块，模具坯料dimensionaltolerance尺寸公差productionrun生产性运行fuller压槽blockingdie粗锻模finishingdie精模，成品模squirt喷射flash飞边，毛刺ridge脊，隆起部分flashgutter飞边槽gutter槽，沟trimmingdie修整模，修边模safetyvalve安全阀buildup增进，增大recess凹进处opening通路intricate复杂的attendant附带的breakage损坏landwidth通道宽度draftangle倾斜角，脱模角web连接板，薄片，腹板，网状物rib筋(jin)，肋(lei)projection突出部分,凸块impressiondie压模taper逐渐变细